Without holidays, life is boring and monotonous. Holidays are created so that we can feel the fullness of life, have fun and take a break from routine worries. Winter would be especially dreary without the holidays - because of the frost and darkness you won’t be able to get out much in the evenings, and you’re already tired of TV! That’s why there are so many happy holidays in winter: and New Year and the Nativity of Christ and the Baptism of the Lord.
The most beloved and long-awaited winter holiday for everyone has been and will be the New Year. Children are eagerly counting down the days until New Year's Eve in the hope of receiving gifts, and adults are rushing to get rid of the accumulated last year a load of problems. Celebrating the New Year on the night of December 31, many of us don’t even think that this wonderful holiday has been postponed several times. But in pagan times, the onset of the New Year was symbolically associated with spring equinox and saw off old year March 22. Since 998, the year began on March 1, and this was due to the introduction of a new chronology (in connection with the Baptism of Rus') and the adoption of the Julian calendar. Over time, the New Year began to be celebrated on September 1. The idea was that by September the harvest had been harvested, which meant that the results of the past year could be summed up. In 1699 Peter I approved new date– January 1st and founded the tradition of awaiting the arrival of the New Year noisily and cheerfully.
To celebrate the New Year, it is customary to invite close friends and beloved relatives to visit you. Traditional New Year's festivities continue until the morning. On New Year's Day, gifts are placed under the Christmas tree for everyone without exception - both children and adults.
A mandatory attribute of the New Year celebration is a decorated Christmas tree. The forest guest is decorated not only with glass balls and garlands, but also with various “goodies” wrapped in foil - tangerines, candies, apples, nuts. Fir branches or wreaths are hung on the doors. Candles lit everywhere create a festive atmosphere.
Obligatory guests New Year's Eve there must be Father Frost and Snow Maiden. By the way, it is advisable to place symbolic images of these fairy-tale characters under the Christmas tree.
According to traditions, 12 different dishes should be presented on the New Year's table. However, the Soviet period of history made its own adjustments and now it is impossible to imagine New Year's table without Olivier salad, Soviet champagne and tangerine.
IN New Year's Eve It is customary to arrange it with dressing up or putting on masquerade masks. To avoid getting bored, you can come up with fun competitions and games at the New Year's table.
The New Year comes into law at midnight on December 31st with the deafening chimes. In the last moments of the outgoing year, it is customary to accept congratulations from the current president. And while the glasses of champagne are clinking, you need to try to make a wish - if you have time, then it will definitely come true.
It is impossible to miss the onset of the New Year - fireworks and exploding firecrackers illuminating everything around will notify everyone of the event.
While the New Year is a magnificent and noisy holiday, which does not provide for absolutely any restrictions on food or games, it is a quiet and modest holiday. On Christmas Eve, that is. On January 6, the fast ends, and the meal begins no earlier than the rising of the first star. For the meal on Holy Evening, you need to prepare 12 dishes, necessarily lenten, and, of course, kutya. Kutya was always cooked from wheat, rice, barley or peas and seasoned with sweet uzvar with honey, dried fruits, poppy seeds, etc.
But on Christmas (January 7) they were already preparing a festive dinner and the whole family sat down at the table. According to tradition, an armful of hay is symbolically placed on the table as a reminder that Jesus was born in a cattle shed. Meat and fish dishes are already prepared for the meal, but the central dish of the evening should be kutia. Traditionally, the celebration begins with kutia, because according to popular belief, anyone who eats at least one spoon of kutia on Christmas will be healthy and successful in the coming year.
It is very difficult for modern people to observe the age-old traditions of organizing this particular holiday. Constant employment, stress and haste do not allow us to allocate enough time to prepare the required 12 dishes or the same kutia. However, holidays are precisely designed to stop your running for a moment, give your loved ones your love and feel involved in the traditions of your people.
The Epiphany of the Lord is celebrated on the night of January 18-19. Due to the fact that church baptism was a very important and significant event for true Christians, the baptism of the Savior Jesus Christ in the Jordan River acquired a special magnitude. Therefore, Baptism is the main church holiday, on which all Christians try to repent of the sins they have committed during the year.
Purification of the soul occurs through swimming in a winter ice hole. First, a service dedicated to the Baptism of Christ is held in the church, and then all the priests and people who come to the church make a religious procession to a nearby reservoir. A hole is cut and the priest blesses the water according to all church canons. After consecration, the water becomes healing and plunging into ice water three times helps cleanse the soul and heal from illnesses. It is recommended to collect holy water and sprinkle it around the house, give it as medicine to sick people, or use it as a remedy for various love spells, the evil eye, etc.
IN Epiphany Christmas Eve It is customary to cook lean porridge and vegetables for dinner. The evening before Epiphany has long been famous for folk festivities, fortune telling and other sacraments. For example, on Epiphany it was customary to choose a bride, baptize children and enter into marriages.
Epiphany ends the cycle of winter holidays, and winter begins to gradually lose ground. Despite the fact that the Epiphany frosts are the most severe, the people knew that winter was finally falling.
Introduction
One of the twelve church holidays, the first of those that fall during the cold season, is the Entry into the Temple of the Virgin Mary, celebrated on December 4. But that’s what it was officially called. The people retained only the first word in the name of the holiday - “introduction”, and even rethought it. All folk proverbs and signs connect the Introduction not with the Mother of God, but with the beginning of the Russian winter. It was believed that it was on this day that she came into her own: “Introduction has come, it has brought winter,” “If snow falls before Introduction, it will melt anyway, and if after Introduction, winter will fall!” By the way, the weather on that day predicted the weather for all other winter holidays.
A sleigh ride was tried for Introduction to Antiquity. If it had not established itself, it was believed that there was no winter yet: what kind of winter would come on the frozen black mud? The right to “renew” the winter road on a sled was, according to custom, given to newlyweds. Their departure for a walk was arranged solemnly: the sleighs were painted, light, multi-colored carpets and decorated with paper flowers. Horses had to be well-groomed. The young husband, belted with a bright sash, drove dashingly, shouting for the sake of view of the already briskly running blacks or browns. And the young wife sat in the sleigh in silence, with dignity demonstrating to those she met her beauty and beautiful outfits... This ritual was called “showing off the young woman.”
In Moscow, a sleigh fair was traditionally held for the Introduction. On this day, for many decades, the Lubyanka was filled with many sleighs. There were sleighs for every taste: light “singles” and more solid “pairs” and “triples”. Everyday and festive sleighs, often decorated with very intricate carvings and paintings. Such sleighs were made by Galician craftsmen.
However, it was important not only to make the sleigh, but also to skillfully and dashingly sell it. Experienced barkers found an approach to each buyer, did not skimp on praise for their product, shouted advertising “paradise” verses, improvising on the go:
And here are the sleigh-scooters,
decorated, rich,
decorated, gilded,
trimmed with morocco!
Or another, saying modern language, "slogan":
Let's go, let's go, walk, ford,
In panties, in races, in pursuit, in pursuit!
And whoever managed it was the first grade fake!
The goods sold out with a bang: it was difficult to drive through winter Moscow on wheels 100-150 years ago. And on a sled - just right. Only the snow creaks under the runners!
Catherine's festivities
On December 7, the day of St. Catherine, or, as she was called in Rus', Catherine the Sleigh, a sleigh race was held. The whole village would gather on some hillock, and young boys and men would try to “outsmart” each other on the snowy road that winded around the surrounding fields. The audience cheered furiously, often moving from verbal arguments in defense of their favorite to fist ones. And the girls evaluated possible suitors at these races: their prowess, dexterity, strength, and wealth - a “reputable” man has a good horse!
Buy, daddy, a skate,
golden legs,
I'll give the girls rides
Along the big path!
The evening “under Catherine” was considered the best for fortune telling and divination. The girls put a piece of bread under their pillow before going to bed and asked: what kind of betrothed will it be? If the bread is stale by morning, the husband will get a tough and tough character; if it crumbles, life in marriage generally promises to be unsuccessful... Gathering together, the girls often sang:
Darling wooed, rode,
He broke three sleds,
Wooed all the rich people
But it didn’t pass me by!
Or here’s another little ditty:
Will this really come true
This year?
The golden crown will be worn
On my head?..
New Year and Christmas tree
New Year in Russia (and in Europe in general), as you guys already know, was not always celebrated on the night of January 1st. Once upon a time, the New Year countdown began on March 1st. The memory of this time is preserved in the names of some months. September, for example, translated from Latin means “seventh”, October means “eighth”, November means “ninth”, and December (remember?) means “tenth”... And what place do they occupy in the order of months today?
With the adoption of Christianity, the Julian calendar came to Rus'. The church began to count the chronology “from the creation of the world” (5508 BC) and moved the beginning of the new year to September 1. There was a fair amount of confusion, and Metropolitan Theognosius in 1342 simply canceled the March New Year. And after another two and a half centuries, the great transformer Emperor Peter I, who cared about everything, ordered to celebrate the new year, 1700 from the Nativity of Christ, on January 1. The will of the emperor is the law, and therefore - even with a creak and a grumble! - Russia switched to a new calendar for itself and began to celebrate the New Year four months later than the usual date.
The same Peter I ordered to decorate houses and city streets for the New Year with spruce and pine garlands, launch rockets and fireworks, and have fun “till you drop.” (True, in the old days in Moscow, fir branches tied above the door of a house meant that it was a tavern!) But the New Year tree, which all boys and girls love today (and adults too!), appeared in Russia much later.
At the end of the first quarter of the 19th century, along with other customs of the Germans who moved to Russia, the custom of decorating a Christmas tree brought from the forest for Christmas came to us. The first Christmas trees in Russia, already decorated with toys and sweets, were sold in... confectionery shops! But then everything gradually fell into place: Christmas tree markets began to bustle in Moscow, where everyone could choose a green tree to suit their taste and budget.
Russian Christmas trees for the public are, in all likelihood, a Moscow invention. In 1851, in the Great Hall of the Noble Assembly (now the Column Hall of the House of Unions), on children's party, organized in favor of women's private schools, the first public Christmas tree in Russia was decorated. After the Bolsheviks came to power, in the mid-1920s, the tree (like the holidays themselves - Christmas and New Year) was declared a “bourgeois relic.” Only in 1935 did the authorities return the ancient custom to the people. Since then, in addition to home holidays, they have organized, for example, in the Kremlin, the House of Unions, “main Christmas trees” - with performances, songs and dances. The tallest and slenderest Christmas trees were always chosen for them. But in recent years, when society has started thinking about preserving Nature, children are increasingly leading New Year's round dances around an artificial tree...
What does New Year smell like? "Christmas tree!" - everyone will say, remembering their childhood. A green tree, brought in from the frost and thawed, gradually fills the house with a pine aroma and conquers every corner of it. But the smell of the New Year, guys, is not only the freshness of the winter forest, the fragrance of resinous pine needles. Mixed with it is the slight smell of dust from toys that have lain for a whole year in a closet or dark pantry - paper bunnies and firecrackers, boxes with golden balls and silver cones. Added to the spicy smell of resin is the bitter smell of tangerines, a candy aroma, and the stuffy smell of candle wax...
Many songs have been written about the New Year, but for a hundred years now the most famous among them is the simple song “A Christmas tree was born in the forest.” The history of this song is very interesting. Once upon a time there lived in Moscow a young schoolteacher Raisa Kudasheva (1878-1964), who wrote poetry. “I didn’t want to be famous, but I couldn’t help but write,” Raisa Adamovna later recalled. And in 1903 she brought the poem “The Christmas Tree” to the editorial office of the magazine “Malyutka”. The editor-in-chief liked the poem so much that he immediately ordered that a story in the already finished Christmas issue be replaced with these verses:
A Christmas tree was born in the forest,
She grew up in the forest
Slim in winter and summer,
It was green.
The snowstorm sang a song to her:
"Sleep, Christmas tree, bye-bye!"
Frost covered with snow:
"Look, don't freeze!.."
However, is it worth repeating familiar words to everyone? After all, each of us knows them from early childhood! But what happened to the poem then, more than a hundred years ago? And this is what happened: agronomist L.K. saw these lines in a magazine. Beckman, who composed music in his spare time. He sat down at the piano - and a song came out! Since the amateur composer did not know how to read music, his wife, professor at the Moscow Conservatory Elena Aleksandrovna Bekman-Shcherbina, recorded the melody. Neither the writer nor his wife knew anything about the author of the words. Raisa Kudasheva also did not know that her poems had become a song. Only many, many years later she accidentally heard a little girl singing “Christmas Tree” on the train. What a story!
Vasiliev evening
This day, when Vasily and Vasilisa celebrate their name day, today falls on the eve of the Old New Year, that is, on January 13. In former times it was also called “rich evening” or Avsen (Ovsen, Usen) and was celebrated by singing carols. The mummers, playing games and singing, went from house to house with a bag in which they put the treats they had begged from the owners:
We sow, we sow, we sow,
Congratulations on Christ's Day,
With cattle, with belly,
With little kids - little kids!
How many branches are there on a bush?
If only you had so many children!
Merry Christmas,
The owner and the hostess!..
If you look into ancient, pre-Christian Russian history, then among the many gods of that time you can find Avsen (in those centuries he had a different name, and “Avsen” was borrowed from the Germans: translated from German it is “sowing”), the patron saint of the first shoots. Why does the spring deity celebrate his day in the depths of winter? Let us remember that once upon a time in Rus' the new year began on March 1st. So Avsen was right on the calendar then! And after Peter I ordered to celebrate the New Year on January 1, Avsen found another day for himself - it became a winter holiday, but retained some spring habits. Even in the last century, mummers threw several grains of bread on the floor during carols on Vasilyev's evening in every house. These old women always raised the grain and stored it until spring sowing. So, perhaps, the very name of the holiday - Avsen (Ovsen) - contains the expectation of spring?
Christmas
The Feast of the Nativity of Christ is one of the most important holidays of the Christian calendar. For those of you guys who want to know its history and rituals associated with it, your best bet is to turn to the “Bible”. In recent decades, several editions of the Bible for Children have been published. And there is also an excellent book by Selma Lagerlöf (a writer familiar to you from the fairy tale about the boy Nils who traveled with the wild geese), called “Legends of Christ.” Read them. Christmas in Russia is celebrated after the New Year - on January 7th. And in the rest of the Christian world - December 25th. The fact is that in Russia the New Year is celebrated according to the Gregorian calendar, which is generally accepted today, and the church holiday of Christmas is celebrated according to the Julian calendar, which our great-grandmothers and great-grandfathers used until 1918. The Julian calendar “lags behind” its younger counterpart: the difference between them is XX and XXI centuries is exactly 13 days.
In Rus', Christmas is still slightly inferior in solemnity to Easter, but in the West, Christmas is main holiday year. In Russia, as throughout the world, on this day the lights on the Christmas trees are lit, and children and adults give each other gifts. After all, the more gifts and good wishes, the better!
Baptism
Remember, V.A. Zhukovsky: “Once on Epiphany evening the girls wondered...” How did the girls guess, and why did they do it on Epiphany evening? Well, you all know about fortune telling: many people even today believe that stars, reflections in mirrors, twigs and nuts thrown at random, melted wax, and various signs help to find out the future. The holiday week before the feast of Epiphany, which now falls on January 19, has always been considered the best time for fortune telling! Both science and the church consider fortune telling a superstition. But among the people, ancient customs hold fast! There are many folk signs associated with Epiphany, by which they determined what the year would be like: “On Epiphany there will be snow flakes - for the harvest”, “If dogs bark a lot on Epiphany - there will be a lot of animals and game”, “If on Epiphany it is a starry night - expect a harvest of red berries".
The feast of the Epiphany, or Epiphany, is a Christian, church holiday. The main event of Epiphany is the blessing of water. On the night before Epiphany, an ice hole is made in one of the reservoirs at a designated place - the Jordan. The priest immerses the cross in it - sanctifies it, after which they bathe in the Jordan and take water from it. This custom has long existed in Moscow. In the old days, Jordan was made, as a rule, in the ice of the Moscow River. Nowadays, the river practically does not freeze, and therefore in recent years, when this ancient custom has been revived, many Muscovites come to the Jordan, carved into the ice of one of the lakes of Serebryany Bor. The blessing of water also occurs in every Orthodox church, but there the cross is lowered into a vessel filled with water.
On January 19, Epiphany frosts were traditionally expected in Russia. They were second in January after the Christmas frosts. It was believed that before the end of the month we would experience another drop in temperature - Afanasyevsky frosts (January 31). "Athanasius the clematis has come - take care of your cheeks and nose!" - people said. But the industrial twentieth century mixed up all the pages folk calendar: due to climate change, winters have become warmer and slushier. And the frosts predicted by folk omens do not occur every year...
Candlemas
The church holiday of the Presentation of the Lord is celebrated on February 15, the fortieth day after Christmas. On this day, according to the narration of the Evangelist Luke, the Mother of God with the Child Christ in her arms came to the Jerusalem Temple...
In Rus', Christian beliefs are usually closely intertwined with folk beliefs, dating back to the times of paganism. “At Candlemas, winter meets summer,” people said. On this day, it was believed that Winter and Summer were arguing, fighting: who should go forward and who should turn back... Sretensky frosts are associated with Candlemas. But there are also Sretensky thaws - they don’t happen year after year! “What is the weather on Candlemas, so will spring,” “If snow blows across the road, then it will be late spring, and if it doesn’t blow, it will be early.” So take note, guys: they will coincide this year folk signs With real life or not?
Carnival
This holiday is considered the most happy holiday in Rus'. It is even called either “Rampant Maslenitsa” or “Wide Maslenitsa”. They even came up with a saying about Maslenitsa: “Not life, but Maslenitsa.”
Maslenitsa, or Cheese Week (as it is called in church calendars), mixed everything in its customs: ancient Roman masquerades (saturnalia - in honor of the god Saturn), when men dressed up in women's clothing, and women - in men's clothes, dressed up as monsters and animals, putting on twisted animal skins...
One of the foreigners, describing the Russian Maslenitsa about three hundred years ago, explains its name this way: “Maslenitsa is so named because during this week Russians are allowed to eat cow butter, because during Lent, instead of cow butter, they use hemp in their food... At that time , when everyone should prepare with heartfelt repentance to contemplate the suffering of Christ, these lost people betray their souls to the devil... Gluttony, drunkenness, debauchery and murder continue day and night (the author probably meant fist fights)... All the time they bake pies, rolls and the like; they invite guests over and drink honey, wine and vodka to the point of insensibility..."
Frightened by the breadth of Russian nature, the foreign writer did not remember other ancient customs and fun on Maslenitsa: sliding downhill on sleds, sleighs and simply on birch bark, “runners” on skis and ice skates (more precisely, it was a semblance of modern skates) ...
The main thing in Russian Maslenitsa, of course, is pancakes. They bake all week. The first pancake was once placed on the dormer window, remembering the souls of the parents. Pancakes, according to scientists, are older than bread: even the biblical King David distributed “mliny skovradnye” (“pancakes from a frying pan”) on the occasion of the holiday. Damn is a pagan symbol of the sun, which is why it is round. Pancakes in Russia are loved and eaten in abundance (especially on Maslenitsa): with caviar, and red fish, and with honey, and with sour cream, and with jam... Have we forgotten anything? In a word, pancakes are very tasty!
In Moscow, in the old days, sleigh rides on Maslenitsa were very popular. They usually started at 12 noon on Monday. Muscovites loved to ride sleighs on the ice of the Moscow River and the Neglinnaya River, which at that time flowed through the very center of the city, near the walls of the Kremlin (the Alexander Garden is located on this site today). But the most crowded rides took place on Thursday of Cheese Week. Huge snow and ice slides were built on Red Square and the banks of the Moskva and Neglinka rivers. There is a legend that for several years in a row in the 18th century, one such snow slide was built for Muscovites by the famous robber and, at the same time, detective Vanka Cain. Whether this is true or not is not known for certain, but the high slope of the Moscow River near the Kremlin was popularly called Cain Mountain for many years...
The most famous masquerade procession in Moscow was the Solemn Masquerade on the occasion of the Peace of Nystadt, concluded in 1721 by Emperor Peter I. It was a spectacle unprecedented for Moscow at that time. It took place on the fourth day of Maslenitsa and began from the village of Vsesvyatsky (now there is the Sokol metro station). The procession was attended by many sea vessels (moving on land) and about a hundred sleighs. At the signal from the rocket, the carnival “train” moved towards the Triumphal Gate. On one of the ships, which was carried by 16 horses, Peter himself sat in the uniform of a naval captain with generals and naval officers... Having passed the Triumphal Gate, the procession headed towards the Kremlin, but reached it only in the evening. The celebration lasted four days and ended with cannon firing and fireworks.
After Maslenitsa, Lent begins, which lasts 40 days until Easter.
WHAT INSTEAD OF A TREE?
There are countries where Christmas trees do not grow. How do children celebrate the New Year there? What trees are decorated? It is customary for the Chinese to have a small tangerine tree in the house - the Tree of Light - and cut daffodils to be on the table. In Nicaragua, on New Year's Eve, rooms are decorated with branches of a coffee tree with red fruits. And in Australia, where the New Year falls at the height of summer, a Metrosideros tree, strewn with scarlet flowers at this time, is erected for children. Every Vietnamese will definitely give a friend a twig of a blooming peach tree on New Year's Eve, and a Japanese will attach a pine twig at the entrance to their home.
HOW DO YOU CELEBRATE THE NEW YEAR?
You know how the New Year is celebrated in Russia. And in other countries? In Germany, in the last minutes of the old year, people of different ages they jump onto chairs, sofas, tables and, with the last stroke of the clock, unanimously, with joyful cries, “jump” into the coming year. In Hungary, on New Year's Eve it is customary to blow and whistle: the sounds of pipes and whistles, according to existing belief, drive away evil spirits, and the year will pass without the intervention of evil spirits. In Brazil, the arrival of the New Year is celebrated with cannon fire. Spaniards and Cubans eat a grape with every stroke of the clock on New Year's Eve. With the last stroke of the clock, Panamanians begin to shout, beat drums, press car horns...
Give an idea of the holidays that are celebrated during the winter months;
Introduce the history of holidays, their features, customs and rituals associated with winter holidays;
Expand students' understanding of cultural heritage;
. work on speech development;
Continue to cultivate a sense of love for one’s native land;
Develop independent work skills.
Be able to distinguish between state and church holidays;
Know the features of winter holidays;
Develop an interest in independently searching for material.
Equipment: clusters, recording of carols, reproductions of paintings, encrypted square, video recording of cartoons, small Christmas tree, handouts.
The teacher reads I. Surikov’s poem “Winter”.
What time of year is the poem talking about? (About winter)
By what signs did you determine that it was winter? (Snow, short days, the sun does not warm enough)
Name the winter months. (December, January, February)
How would you describe winter? (cold, snowy, beautiful, magical, elegant, festive)
Winter gives us not only the miracle of nature's transformation. Winter is also a fun time of year because it gives us many holidays. That's about winter holidays we'll talk today.
So, winter. The days have become shorter, and the sun is no longer warm at all, but shines dimly and dullly. But we don’t seem to notice this, because December is associated with the most solemn and significant holiday of the Orthodox. It's Christmas.
What do you know about this holiday?
What holiday is this - church or civil? Why do you think so?
Christmas in Rus' began to be celebrated more than a thousand years ago. Officially, this holiday appeared after Prince Vladimir was baptized and Rus' became Orthodox.
Let's look at the dates. In Europe, Christmas is celebrated on December 25th. And in Russia - January 7th. This discrepancy is due to the fact that the Russian church celebrates church holidays according to the Gregorian calendar (new style). And in Europe, church holidays are still celebrated according to the Julian calendar (old style). The difference is 13 days.
What is Christmas? And whose birth are we celebrating so festively?
It is believed that on this day Jesus Christ was born in the distant city of Bethlehem.
Showing an excerpt from the cartoon "The Nativity of Christ"
Christmas was celebrated widely, on a grand scale, for several days. And every day of the holiday was necessarily associated with some custom.
It all started the day before. The day before Christmas was called Christmas Eve. On this day it was forbidden to eat anything until the first star lit up in the sky. In the evening, tables were set and various treats were prepared. And the children were always given gifts.
The night before Christmas was considered magical, enchanting. Our ancestors believed that on this night all evil spirits came to life - devils and witches, vampires and mermaids. They celebrate the last night on earth, because at dawn everyone will have to disappear.
Showing an excerpt from the cartoon "The Night Before Christmas"
Since the night is so magical, and devils are dancing, and witches are flying, people have figured out how to protect themselves from evil spirits. They performed a ritual of caroling.
Do you know what carols are?
Boys and girls got together, went from house to house and sang special songs in which they wished everyone happiness, health and wealth. For this, the owners of the house rewarded the carolers with treats. And so that the evil spirits could not catch the carolers, young people dressed up: some as a devil, some as a goat, some as a witch. It was believed that in such a guise the evil spirits would not recognize a person.
Vocabulary work:
Carols are lively, cheerful songs that glorified the birth of Jesus and sounded wishes for health and happiness.
1) Christmas Eve
Who will give me some pie?
So the barn is full of cattle,
Ovin with oats,
A stallion with a tail!
Who won't give me the pie?
That's why a chicken leg
Pestle and shovel
The cow is hunchbacked.
2)We'll call you by phone
With wishes and bow.
We came to carol
Merry Christmas to you!
A recording of carol songs is playing.
Cluster design: Christmas Eve (day before Christmas, treats, gifts, carols)
After Christmas Eve came the great church holiday - Christmas. On this day, it was customary to treat everyone, congratulate, have fun and glorify the birth of Jesus. They always put on everything new, the tables were covered with rich tablecloths, the hut was always cleaned and decorated for Christmas. It was impossible to sew, weave or knit on this day - it was believed that this would bring bad luck.
There are other traditions associated with Christmas.
Working from a painting
Look at the picture:
What do you see familiar in the picture? (decorated Christmas tree, lights, star on top)
The bright star symbolized the very star that the shepherds saw on the night when Christ was born.
But the custom of decorating a spruce came to us from Germany. The Christmas tree was considered a symbol of nature, because it remains just as green and fluffy in winter. One of the legends says that on the night of Jesus’ birth, all the trees on earth began to bear fruit. And the Christmas tree is no exception. That is why it was customary to decorate the spruce with tangerines, nuts, and apples. And later, instead of fruits and sweets, they began to hang multi-colored balls on the Christmas tree.
In winter, we celebrate another holiday, which is rightfully considered the most fun and most beloved.
Look at the table:
Can you guess what is encrypted in it?
The phrase "Happy New Year!" is encrypted.
Do you love New Year?
How do you celebrate this holiday?
What traditions associated with the most magical night of the year do you know?
New Year is celebrated on December 31, because, according to our calendar, the countdown of another year begins on January 1. But it wasn't always like this. A long time ago in Rus', the beginning of the new year was celebrated on September 1. And even earlier, in Ancient Rome The beginning of the year was celebrated on March 1. And December was only the tenth month. Hence its name: "decem" in Latin means "ten".
Everything changed in 1700. Russian Emperor Peter I issued a decree that the beginning of the new millennium will be celebrated on January 1. The Decree noted how this day should be celebrated.
Decree:
“On January 1, decorate the streets with spruce and pine branches. Fire cannons, launch rockets and fire muskets, light fires and joyfully congratulate each other on the beginning of a new century.”
At the beginning of the twentieth century, celebrating Christmas was prohibited in Russia. And gradually this church holiday was replaced by a civil holiday - New Year. They also decorated the Christmas tree, only the star on the tree turned red - like the one that burns on the main tower of the Kremlin in Moscow. It also became customary to give gifts and prepare food.
And a very cheerful character appeared, without whom the New Year is now difficult to imagine. Have you already guessed who we are talking about?
(This is Santa Claus)
He also has a nice assistant. Who is this?
(Snow Maiden)
What are Father Frost and Snow Maiden doing for the New Year? (they give gifts, light up the Christmas tree, make the children laugh)
Showing an excerpt from the cartoon "Masha and the Bear: One, two, three, Christmas tree!"
Let's sing a song about Santa Claus together.
They sing the song “Santa Claus, what did you bring to us?”
IV. Pin a topic
We also have a Christmas tree. I decorated it with firecrackers. But each cracker is special: they contain questions that you must answer.
Students take turns removing the balls and answering questions.
Questions:
What is a carol?
Name the most important church and civil winter holiday.
When is Christmas Eve celebrated?
Where did the tradition of decorating the Christmas tree come from?
Tell a poem about the New Year.
V. Reflection
What new did you learn in the lesson?
What winter holidays would you like to know more about?
What was unclear?
VI. Homework
Learn a poem of your choice (about Christmas, a carol or about the New Year)
Elena Sirotinkina
Lesson summary “Winter holidays. Christmas"
Winter holidays. Wed. gr.
Target: Introduce CHRISTMAS holiday.
To form children's ideas about winter, winter phenomena.
Develop passive and active vocabulary, memory, attention, thinking, creative imagination, fine motor skills.
Pin winter months.
Equipment: A set of paintings about winter; Coloring pages with pictures Christmas tree; Trainer "Seasons" By fine motor skills (with a set of clothes, signs winter: snowdrifts, snowflakes, clouds). Tambourine.
Vos. Guys, today I completely accidentally heard the dolls talking. Yes, that’s exactly what I’m telling you, the dolls were talking. After all, miracles happen on NEW YEAR!
And you know, I was very upset by what I heard. And they said that they had never seen winter, and did not even know what it was, much less had they ever celebrated the NEW YEAR.
Guys, I can’t handle this matter without you.
Can you help?
Children: Yes!
The teacher invites the children to take each doll and approach winter picture.
They look at it and tell what is depicted there.
List winter fun(sledding, skiing, skating, playing snowballs, making a snowman, building a fortress.)
Vos. Guys, is it fun in winter?
Children: Yes!
Vos. But what is winter like?
Children: Cold.
Vos. Winter is a cold season. And you still like it?
(children's answers)
Vos. And it's also very winter beautiful time year.
And who will call me winter months?
Children: December, January, February.
Vos. Which one holiday do we celebrate in december?
Children: NEW YEAR!
Vos. And of course, the NEW YEAR cannot be without a beauty... (Christmas trees)
The main character at NEW YEAR'S the holiday is?
Children: Father Frost and Snow Maiden.
Vos. And gives gifts to children. What are you doing on holiday?
Children: We read poems, sing songs, dance, dance around the Christmas tree.
Vos. I suggest you arrange such fun for our dolls, but only on the street.
You said that winter is a cold season. So we need to dress warmer, dress our dolls.
Finger gymnastics.
“We went for a walk in the yard”
One, two, three, four, five, (children bend their fingers)
We went for a walk in the yard. (walk along the table with the index and middle
fingers)
They sculpted a snow woman (make a lump with both hands)
The birds were fed crumbs, ( "crumb" bread with all fingers)
Then we rode down the hill (lead index finger palm)
And they were also lying in the snow (palms are placed on the table, first one, then the other
side)
Everyone came home covered in snow, (dusts off palms)
We ate soup and went to bed ( "eating soup")
Then the children go to the boxes with clothes and dress the dolls, following the dressing algorithm (pants, jacket, hat, boots). They come together with the doll to the rugs and create their own winter picture(attached to Velcro: sun, snowdrifts, clouds, snowflakes on a tree, bunny). While the children are working, an audio recording plays with the sounds of wind and creaking snow.
Children answer the teacher’s questions to reinforce signs winter: the sun shines but does not warm, snowstorms often blow, blizzards howl, there is snow everywhere, the rivers are covered with ice, the trees stand without leaves, only pines and spruces remain green.
Breathing exercises.
Children create an artificial storm.
Vos. Guys, it's getting cold. But we promised to show the dolls how the NEW Year is celebrated, and at the same time we will warm up.
Round dance around the Christmas tree. (with audio recording)
Vos. Well, did you have fun and warm up? It's time for us to go back. Guests will soon come to us, and we need to prepare for their meeting, put things in order.
Children change clothes of dolls, neatly fold things.
Surprise moment.
Children come to visit us preparatory group (mummers) with carols, and we give them sweets.
Vos. This is how we celebrate CHRISTMAS!
Did you like it?
« CHRISTMAS and NEW Year are firmly connected with the tradition of decorating the Christmas tree, dressing up, carols, dancing, general fun, and also giving gifts.”
And for our dolls, we ourselves will make a gift with our own hands.
Children color a New Year's picture and give it to the dolls.
Publications on the topic:
How to introduce a child to his native village. Recommendations for parents Recommendations for parents “How to introduce a child to his native village” 1. PRI R O D A Our village of Shatki is located in the south of Nizhny Novgorod.
What kind of holiday is being prepared here? Maybe the guests of honor will come? Maybe the generals will come? No. Maybe the admirals will come? No. And who will come?
Our winter traditions. For a number of years in our kindergarten The Winter Buildings competition is taking place. Without changing your traditions, taking the buckets.
Dear colleagues and educators! Not so long ago there was a Christmas holiday. And I would like to say a little about this wonderful holiday.
Type of project: short-term, cognitive-speech, creative. Dates: 1 week – from January 11 to January 15. Project participants:.
Winter now does not always please with snowy weather, but with the approach of New Year's celebrations, the mood still rises in anticipation of carnivals, noisy feasts, fireworks and gifts. At the end of the year, the calendar pleases us with a whole series of interesting holidays which take several weeks. If we add to them Catholic Christmas Happy Chinese New Year, and our people love to have fun on any suitable occasion, then you can have fun in clubs and at merry parties until spring. But here we will list the traditional Russian winter holidays that have become popular among the Eastern Slavs. Knowing history will help you better prepare for the upcoming fun and will give you the opportunity to show off your erudition in the company if a debate on this fascinating topic accidentally arises.
Many kings and emperors, trying to look like reformers, began to redraw calendars, ban old celebrations and introduce their own in their place. Sometimes such undertakings were forgotten after the death of dictators, but in other cases interesting ideas took root, especially when they fell on fertile soil. The Slavs have always been famous for their ability to walk from the heart, so they did not particularly oppose Tsar Peter’s new desire, and since 1699, the tradition of decorating green Christmas trees on New Year’s Eve gradually became popular throughout the country. European innovations in terms of the date of the event very successfully coincided with the Big winter holidays (January 7 – January 19). The country's new main winter holiday was in many ways reminiscent of Christmas games, when people dressed up as devils, animals and other creatures, collected treats from local residents, and walked through the streets singing carols.
For Christians, Christmas is undoubtedly in first place among the New Year's winter holidays. They begin to meet him back in ( January 6), when you should remember the deceased at the Lenten table in the circle of your closest people. January 7 It was already allowed to hold colorful processions with the star in carnival costumes. Thus, the old rituals successfully merged with Christian traditions, and the people had the opportunity to noisily spend the winter holidays, following the customs of their ancestors, without violating the new laws.
(January 13) – a consequence of Lenin’s reforms, when the Bolsheviks rigidly transferred the country from the Julian calendar to the Gregorian calendar, moving all winter holidays by as much as 13 days. Naturally, the people accepted such innovations in their own way, beginning to celebrate them both in the old and in the newly introduced style. In the Christian calendar, the Old New Year falls on the commemoration of St. Melania and Vasil, which has always been reflected in folk rituals. For example, in Ukrainian villages they dressed up a guy as Melanka, and Vasily - beautiful girl, and they, in the company of mummered gypsies, a goat, a bear, a grandfather, a woman and other characters, went around the entire village with special songs of generosity.
Epiphany Christmas Eve ( January 18) marked preparations for a big holiday - the Great Blessing of Water. 
One had to fast, eat vegetable pancakes, porridge, kutya, and honey pancakes. On the Epiphany of the Lord Baptism ( January 19) people flocked to the reservoirs where services were held near the cross-shaped polynya (Jordan). By the way, bathing in it, even in the cold, was considered beneficial for health, because it completely cleanses the body of sins.
We think that our short review can end here, although there are still many interesting dates after Epiphany. You can describe for a long time what winter holidays are like, mentioning, for example, Tatiana’s cheerful day ( January 25) or Valentine's Day ( February 14), but the format of the article simply does not fit such a large material. We wish you a joyful celebration of New Year's celebrations in the new and old style!
