Slides: 11 Words: 426 Sounds: 0 Effects: 3
Energy metabolism in the cell. Updating knowledge Studying new material Consolidation. Movie. Reactions. Reflection. Learning new material Consolidation. Replace the highlighted part of each statement with one word. The enzymatic and oxygen-free process of decomposition of organic substances in the cell is observed in bacteria. (Glycolysis). (Breath). Task. Testing. Return. Methods for obtaining energy by living beings. Stages of energy metabolism. Fermentation. Solve the problem. The process of glucose oxidation in a cell is similar to combustion.
Slides: 45 Words: 816 Sounds: 0 Effects: 161 Energy exchange. Fill in the blanks in the text. Types of nutrition of organisms. Sun. Solar energy
Slides: 13 Words: 936 Sounds: 0 Effects: 75
Biology lesson in 10th grade. Metabolism of substances and energy in the cell. Basic concepts. Metabolism; Plastic exchange; Energy metabolism; Homeostasis; Enzyme. Metabolism. Metabolism and energy. External metabolism (absorption and release of substances by the cell). Internal metabolism (chemical transformations of substances in the cell). Plastic metabolism (assimilation or anabolism). Energy metabolism (dissimilation or catabolism). Plastic exchange (assimilation). Simple items. Complex issues. Organoids. Energy metabolism (dissimilation). Comparison table. - Energy metabolism in the cell.ppt
Energy metabolism in the cell. The concept of energy metabolism. Energy metabolism (dissimilation). ATP is a universal source of energy in the cell. ATP composition. Conversion of ATP to ADP. Structure of ATP. Preparatory stage. Diagram of the stages of energy metabolism. Glucose is the central molecule of cellular respiration. Anaerobic glycolysis. PVA – pyruvic acid C3H4O3. Fermentation is anaerobic respiration. Fermentation. Three stages of energy metabolism. The aerobic stage is oxygen. Mitochondria. Summary equation of the aerobic phase. "Energy metabolism" 9th grade. Fats. ATP in numbers.
Slides: 17 Words: 286 Sounds: 0 Effects: 12
Energy metabolism in the cell. Biological oxidation and combustion. Biological oxidation. Preparatory stage. Oxygen-free oxidation. Process equation. Alcoholic fermentation. Complete oxygen decomposition. The equation. Repetition. Protein hydrolysis. Enzymes of the digestive tract. Lactic acid. Ethanol. Mol. Carbon dioxide. Reactions of the preparatory stage. Dissipates in the form of heat. It is stored in the form of ATP. Give short answers. Assimilation. What organisms are called heterotrophs. What happens to the energy released during the preparatory stage.
Slides: 13 Words: 317 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0
Slides: 10 Words: 295 Sounds: 0 Effects: 36 Metabolism and energy. Food is a source of energy and plastic substances. Oxidation products. Oxygen. Metabolic stages. Preparatory Changes with substances in the cell Final. Preparatory stage Receipt of substances. Food. Air. Digestive system. Respiratory system
Slides: 21 Words: 533 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0
Metabolism and energy (metabolism). 2 metabolic processes. Reactions of assimilation and dissimilation. By type of food. According to the method of intake of substances. In relation to oxygen. Plastic exchange. Protein biosynthesis. Transcription. Broadcast. Genetic code. Properties of the genetic code. What primary structure will the protein have? Solution. A section of the right strand of DNA. DNA. The initial part of the molecule. Protein. A protein consisting of 500 monomers. Molecular weight of one amino acid. Determine the length of the corresponding gene. One of the gene chains carrying the protein program must consist of 500 triplets.
Slides: 49 Words: 886 Sounds: 0 Effects: 7
Transport of substances across the membrane. Mechanisms for the passage of substances through the cell membrane. The main processes by which substances penetrate the membrane. Diffusion -. Properties of simple diffusion. Facilitated diffusion. Properties of facilitated diffusion. Active transport. Properties of active transport. Types of active transport. The Na/K pump is considered the prototype of active transport. Scheme of the Na/K pump – ATPase. Comparative composition of intracellular and extracellular fluid. Ion channels. Gradient. Main differences between ion channel and pore. Conformational states of the ion channel. Activation state – the channel is open and allows the passage of ions.
Molecular biology for bioinformaticians. The set of chemical reactions in the body. Metabolism. Metabolic pathway. Enzymes. Enzymes. Enzymes. Important coenzymes. Classification of enzymes. Factors influencing enzyme activity. Non-competitive inhibition. Catabolism. The main stages of carbohydrate metabolism. Possible pathways for glucose conversion. Scheme of glucose oxidation. Stages of glucose oxidation. Substrate phosphorylation. Glucokinase. Phosphoglucoisomerase. Aldolase. Triosephosphate isomerase. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Phosphoglycerate kinase. Enolase. Glycolysis equation.
-
Metabolism (exchange
substances and energy)
Anabolism (assimilation,
plastic exchange,
synthesis of organic
substances)
Catabolism
(dissimilation,
plastic exchange,
energy metabolism,
organic decay
With energy consumption
carbohydrates are synthesized
proteins, fats. DNA, RNA,
ATP
With liberation
energy, org. disintegrate.
Constant metabolism with environment- one of the main properties of living systems
The process of synthesis of organic substances is called assimilation or plastic metabolism (anabolism)
The process of breaking down organic substances is called dissimilation
(catabolism)
energy
Energy metabolism - dissimilation (catabolism)
Plastic metabolism - assimilation (anabolism)
enzymes
Autotrophic organisms (green plants) - capable of synthesizing organic substances from inorganic substances
Heterotrophic organisms (animals) require the supply of ready-made organic substances
I stage –
preparatory
II stage – anaerobic (glycolysis) – incomplete oxidation
III stage – aerobic
– complete oxidation
Mixotrophic organisms - with a mixed type of nutrition
Organic substances rich in energy are broken down into low molecular weight organic substances.
or inorganic compounds poor in energy. Reactions are accompanied by the release of energy, part of which is stored in the form of ATP
Occurs in the gastrointestinal tract
The energy released in this process is dissipated as heat.
Complex organic substances are broken down into simpler ones:
Proteins to amino acids
+ 3H 2 O
Nucleic acids to nucleotides
+ 3H 2 O
Carbohydrates to monosaccharides
CH 2 HE
CH 2 HE
CH 2 HE
CH 2 HE
+ 6H 2 O
CH 2 HE
CH 2 HE
CH 2 HE
CH 2 HE
CH 2 HE
CH 2 HE
CH 2 HE
glucose
glucose
glucose
glucose
Fats to fatty acids and glycerol
+ 3H 2 O
glycerol
fatty acid
Occurs in the cytoplasm of cells
Substances formed at stage I undergo splitting with the release of energy -
incomplete oxidation.
The process is called oxygen-free or anaerobic, because. goes without oxygen absorption
The main source of energy in the cell is glucose (C 6 N 12 ABOUT 6 )
Oxygen-free breakdown of glucose - glycolysis: C 6 N 12 ABOUT 6 + 2NAD +2ADP + 2F 2C 3 N 4 ABOUT 3 + 2NADH 2 + 2ATP
Pyrovinogradnaya
acid
H atoms accumulate with the help of the acceptor NAD + , and later connect with O 2 N 2 ABOUT
In conditions when ABOUT 2 no and, therefore, hydrogen atoms released during glycolysis cannot be transferred to it, instead ABOUT 2 another hydrogen acceptor must be used. Pyruvic acid becomes such an acceptor. Depending on the metabolic pathways of the body, the end products are different:
Lactic acid
2 WITH 3 N 4 ABOUT 3 + 2NAD N 2 = 2 WITH 3 N 6 ABOUT 3 + 2OVER
lactic acid
alcoholic fermentation of glucose by yeast
Alcohol
2 WITH 3 N 4 ABOUT 3 + 2NAD N 2 = 2 C 2 N 5 HE + CO 2 + OVER
ethanol
Butyric acid
2 WITH 3 N 4 ABOUT 3 + 2NAD N 2 = WITH 4 N 8 ABOUT 2 + 2СО 2 + 2H 2 + OVER
butyric acid
200 kJ is released from one glucose molecule, of which 120 kJ is dissipated as heat, and 80 kJ (40%) is stored in the bonds of 2 ATP molecules:
2 ADP + 2H 3 P.O. 4 + energy → 2 ATP + H 2 O
Adenine
N.H. 2
H 2 C
+ H 2 O
H 3 P.O. 4
Ribose
Occurs in mitochondria
This is an aerobic process, i.e. proceeding with the obligatory presence of oxygen. Pyruvic acid formed during glycolysis: C 3 N 4 ABOUT 3
undergoes further oxidation in mitochondria to N 2 O and CO 2
Matrix
Christa
Ribosomes
Molecules
ATP synthetase
Granules
Inner membrane
Outer membrane
Cellular respiration includes three groups of reactions:
The first and second stages take place in the mitochondrial matrix, and the third - on the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Acetyl-CoA + NADH 2 + CO 2 Because As a result of the oxidation of 1 molecule of glucose, 2 molecules of pyruvate are formed, the number of molecules of all components of the reaction must be doubled. The resulting acetyl-CoA undergoes further oxidation in the Krebs cycle. "width="640" Pyruvic acid comes from the cytoplasm
in the mitochondria, where it undergoes oxidative decarboxylation, which consists of the removal of one molecule of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) from the pyruvate molecule and joining
to the acetyl group of pyruvate (CH 3 CO– ) coenzyme A (CoA) to form acetyl-CoA:
Pyruvate + NAD + + KoA – Acetyl-CoA + NADH 2 + CO 2
Because As a result of the oxidation of 1 molecule of glucose, 2 molecules of pyruvate are formed, the number of molecules of all components of the reaction must be doubled.
The resulting acetyl-CoA is subjected to
further oxidation in the Krebs cycle.
In the Krebs cycle, sequential oxidation of acetyl-CoA in citric acid occurs, which is accompanied by the elimination of carbon dioxide (decarboxylation) and the removal of hydrogen (dehydrogenation), which is collected in NAD ∙ H 2 and is transmitted to the electron transport chain built into the inner membrane of mitochondria, i.e. as a result of a complete revolution of the Krebs cycle, one molecule of acetyl-CoA burns to CO 2 and N 2 ABOUT.
Acetyl-CoA + 3NAD + + FAD + 2H 2 O + ADP + H 3 RO 4 → 2СО 2 + 3OVER ∙ H+FAD ∙ N 2 + ATP
- ATP is used for different kinds work
supplies hydrogen to the respiratory chain in the form of NADH and FADH 2
The respiratory chain (electron transport chain) is a chain of redox reactions during which components of the respiratory chain catalyze the transfer of protons (H + ) and electrons ( e - ) from ABOVE ∙ H 2 And FAD ∙ H 2 to their final acceptor - oxygen, resulting in the formation of H 2 ABOUT (electrons are transferred along the respiratory chain to the O molecule 2 and activate it. Activated oxygen immediately reacts with the resulting protons (H + ), resulting in the release of water.
Respiratory chain – 12H 2 O + 34 ATP + Q T 18 "width="640" ATP synthetase
Inner membrane
1/2О 2
Mitochondria
Outer membrane
Intermembrane space, proton reservoir
H +
H +
H +
H +
H +
H +
H +
H +
H +
Electron transport chain
Cytochromes
Cytochromes
H +
N 2 ABOUT
FAD ∙ H 2
H +
ABOVE + +H +
ABOVE ∙ H 2
H +
2H +
H +
H +
34ADF
34ATP
Krebs cycle
34N 3 RO 4
Matrix
12H 2 + 6O 2 – Respiratory chain – 12H 2 O + 34 ATP + Q T
Oxidative phosphorylation –
This is the synthesis of ATP from ADP and phosphate using the ATP synthetase enzyme built into the inner membrane of mitochondria. This process uses the energy of the movement of electrons and protons in the mitochondrial membrane.
N.H. 2
two phosphoric acid residues
H 2 C
+ H 2 O
H 3 P.O. 4
At stage III, 36 ATP is formed
Ribose
WITH 3 N 4 ABOUT 3
Hans Krebs (1900 – 1981)
WITH 6 N 12 ABOUT 6 + 6O 2 + 38ADP + 38H 3 RO 4 6СО 2 + 6H 2 O + 38ATP
The overall equation for glucose oxidation consists of:
WITH 6 N 12 ABOUT 6 + 2OVER + +2ADP +2H 3 RO 4 2C 3 N 4 ABOUT 3 + 2OVER ∙ N 2 + 2ATP
2C 3 N 4 ABOUT 3 + 6O 2 + 36ADF + 36 N 3 RO 4 42N 2 O + 6CO 2 + (36ATP)
phosphorylation
Total: at the anaerobic stage - 2 ATP, at the aerobic stage - 36 ATP, for a total of 38 ATP per 1 glucose molecule.
Lesson in 10th grade according to the course
"General Biology".
Prepared by a biology teacher
MBOU "Secondary school No. 43 named after. G.K. Zhukov" Kursk
Kholodova E.N.
The source of energy on Earth is the Sun
Solar energy
Photosynthesis
Squirrels
Energy
organic
substances
Fats
Carbohydrates
Metabolism
exchange
A single and universal source of energy in the cell is ATP(adenosine triphosphoric acid), which is formed as a result of the oxidation of organic substances.
ATP + H 2 O = ADP + H 3 RO 4 + energy
ADP + N 3 RO 4 + energy = ATP + H 2 ABOUT
reaction PHOSPHORYLATION
those. the addition of one phosphoric acid residue to an ADP (adenosine diphosphate) molecule.
“Growth, reproduction, mobility, excitability, the ability to respond to changes in the external environment - all these properties of living things are ultimately inextricably linked with certain chemical transformations , without which none of these manifestations of life could exist"
V.A. Engelhardt
What What is energy metabolism or catabolism?
CATABOLISM is a set of enzymatic reactions splitting complex organic compounds accompanied by release of energy.
STAGES OF ENERGY EXCHANGE
Characteristics of the stages of energy metabolism.
Chemical reactions
Stage I - Preparatory in the digestive system.
Energy output
Stage II (anaerobic) – Glycolysis. Goes without O 2 in the cell cytoplasm
ATP formation
Stage III (aerobic) – Oxygen splitting.
Occurs in the presence of O 2 in mitochondria (cellular respiration).
The final summary equation is:
STAGE 1- preparatory
2.Oxygen-free
In lysosomes and the digestive tract.
What happens in the digestive system?
Breakdown of polymers into monomers.
Squirrels amino acids
Fats glycerin + VZhK
Carbohydrates glucose
What happens to the energy when all these substances are broken down?
STAGE 2- oxygen-free oxidation or glycolysis .
Where does it happen?
In the cytoplasm of cells, without oxygen.
Glycolysis– the process of breaking down carbohydrates in the absence of oxygen under the action of enzymes.
enzymatic reactions
oxidizes.
WITH 6 N 12 ABOUT 6 + 2 N 3 RO 4 +2 ADP = 2 C 3 N 4 ABOUT 3 + 2 ATP +2 H 2 ABOUT
glucose phosphorus PVC water
acid
Result: energy in the form of 2 ATP molecules .
Alcoholic fermentation.
some yeast
cells instead of glycolysis.
and is formed? On alcoholic fermentation
based on cooking
wine, beer, kvass. Dough,
mixed with yeast
produces porous, tasty bread.
WITH 6 N 12 ABOUT 6 + 2H 3 RO 4 +2ADP = 2C 2 N 5 ABOUT H + 2CO 2 + ATP +2 H 2 O
glucose phosphorus ethyl water
acid alcohol
Lactic acid fermentation.
animals, in some
types of bacteria and fungi.
lactic acid. Lies in
basis of preparation
sour milk, curdled milk,
kefir and other lactic acids
food products.
dissipated as heat into
environment .
Oxygen splitting (aerobic respiration or hydrolysis ).
What's happening? Further oxidation of products
glycolysis to CO2 and H2O using
O2 oxidizer and enzymes and gives
a lot of energy in the form of ATP.
Where does it happen? Carried out in mitochondria associated with the mitochondrial matrix and its internal membranes.
Stages of oxygen oxidation:
a) Krebs cycle
b) oxidative phosphorylation
Krebs cycle – cyclical enzymatic process of complete oxidation organic substances formed during glycolysis to carbon dioxide, water and energy stored in ATP molecules.
Hans Adolf Krebs (1900-1981)
Acetyl-CoA 2C
Lemon
acid 6C
Apple
acid 4C
Glutaric
acid 5C
Fumarovaya
acid 4C
Succinic acid 4C
The process of oxygen cleavage of milk is expressed by the equation:
2 C 3 N 6 ABOUT 3 + 6 ABOUT 2 + 36 ADP + 36 N 3 RO 4 =
6 CO 2 + 42 N 2 O + 36 ATP
Energy in the form of 36 ATP molecules (more than 60% of energy).
Think and answer
1. Why, when mitochondria are destroyed in a cell, will there be a decrease in the level of activity, and then a suspension of cell activity?
2. How many total ATP molecules are formed as a result of energy metabolism?
Summing this equation with the equation of glycolysis we get the final equation:
WITH 6 N 12 ABOUT 6 + 2 ADP + 2 N 3 RO 4 = 2 C 3 N 6 ABOUT 3 + 2 ATP + 2 H 2 ABOUT
2 C 3 N 6 ABOUT 3 + 6 O 2 + 36 ADP + 36 N 3 RO 4 = 6 CO 2 + 36 ATP + 42 N 2 ABOUT
____________________________________________________________________________________
WITH 6 N 12 ABOUT 6 + 6O 2 + 38 ADP + 38 N 3 RO 4 = 6 CO 2 + 38 ATP + 44 H 2 ABOUT
WITH 6 N 12 ABOUT 6 + 6O 2 = 6 CO 2 + 38 ATP
RESULT: Energy in the form of 38 ATP
CONCLUSION:
In the body of all living beings, a process occurs daily, hourly, every second. catabolism . Any violation of this process can lead to irreparable consequences! And in order for this process not to be disrupted, it is necessary: ...
clean air is needed, i.e. oxygen.
nutrients are needed.
biological catalysts are needed
i.e. enzymes.
biological activators are needed,
those. vitamins.
1 . Constantly ventilate the room,
walk more in the fresh air.
2. Eat nutritious food, rich in proteins, carbohydrates, and fats.
3. Do not exclude lactic acid products from your diet.
4. Don't forget about vitamins.
Continue with the sentences.
Our lesson has come to an end, and I want to say:
- It was a discovery for me that...
- Today in class I succeeded (failed)...
Homework:
Paragraph 22
? How are anabolism and catabolism interrelated in a single metabolic process?
Tasks (Appendix 2).
Problem solving .
Task 1. During the dissimilation process, 7 moles of glucose were split, of which only 2 moles underwent complete (oxygen) breakdown. Define:
a) how many moles of lactic acid and carbon dioxide are formed;
b) how many moles of ATP are synthesized;
c) how much energy and in what form is accumulated in these ATP molecules;
d) How many moles of oxygen are consumed for the oxidation of the resulting lactic acid.
.png)
