Raising the next generation is a multifaceted process. The physical and moral health of children are considered as priority areas in education; intellectual development; formation of a culture of personality and spiritual values; civic and patriotic education; aesthetic and labor education; formation of life plans for schoolchildren, preparation for family life and etc.
To implement pedagogical tasks, various forms of extracurricular educational work are used:
Patriotic education in extracurricular activities includes various forms:
Classroom hour
Parent meeting
Excursion
Holiday
Round table, debate
Competition, quiz, KVN
Meeting interesting people, etc.
The organization of extracurricular activities of children, including leisure activities, in any school has always been and remains a very important area of activity for teachers. Activities with children in addition to lessons, communication with them in a more or less free environment are essential, and often decisive, for their development and education. They are also important for the teacher himself, as they help to get closer to the children, get to know them better and establish good relations, open up unexpected and attractive sides of the teacher’s personality for students, and finally, allow them to experience happy moments of unity, joint experiences, human intimacy, which often makes teachers and students are lifelong friends. This gives the teacher a sense of the need for his work, its social significance, relevance.
The form of extracurricular educational work with children can be defined as a specific way of organizing their relatively free activities at school, their independence under the pedagogically expedient guidance of adults. In educational practice there is a wide variety of forms of work, they are difficult to classify. Let us try, however, to streamline the forms of educational work by singling out the predominant, main component of educational work. We can say that our typification is based on the main means of educational influence, of which we have identified five: the word, experience, activity, game, psychological exercises.
To educate the basics of patriotism among younger students, teachers use a variety of different forms and methods of education.
But no less significant educational form is the game. Games of younger schoolchildren are aimed at simple imitation of social forms of behavior. On the one hand, the biological essence of the child is manifested in the game, and on the other hand, the readiness for social adaptation. The game trains the norms of behavior from adulthood develop values for themselves. According to D.B. Elkonin, in the game the child passes into the developed world of higher forms of human activity, the rules of human relationships, and the game becomes a source of morality.
Methods of education can be defined as "a set of the most common ways of solving educational problems and implementing educational interactions" or "socially determined methods of pedagogically appropriate interaction between adults and children that contribute to the organization of children's lives, activities, relationships, communication, stimulate their activity and regulate behavior" .
Among individual forms patriotic education the child is allocated independent studies (homework). For example, answer the teacher's questions by reading the works of children's writers about the feat, valor, glory of soldiers in the history of the Fatherland.
Emotional experiences are included in any mental process and can become the basis for their unification, act as a systemic factor in the internal mental life and a factor in the formation of the most functional psychological system of activity, its integration. On the basis of emotional assessments, fixed by specific actions, empathy can be formed as a personal quality of the child.
Individual forms of patriotic education of the child are carried out mainly in the family. It is the family that plays a decisive role at a particular age stage. Therefore, the teacher must establish close interaction with the families of students, involve parents in the process of patriotic education of children.
So success patriotic work in an educational institution depends on the moral and psychological character of teachers, their psychological, pedagogical and professional training, attitude to their duties, as well as on the ability to fruitfully cooperate with the parents of students.
Knowledge will contribute to the formation of moral concepts and feelings of a younger student if special conditions are created for their acquisition, certain forms and methods of education are used. The teacher's task is to select from the mass of impressions that the child can receive, those that will be most accessible to him, and to teach them in an appropriate form.
By the number of participants in the activity, the following forms of patriotic education in primary school are distinguished:
customized;
Group;
Bulk.
Consider the individual forms of patriotic education in elementary school: individual forms imply individual activity child, and, of course, taking into account the individual characteristics of students. The organization of patriotic education in an individual form helps to strengthen the moral values learned by the child as personality traits. He comprehends the norms and rules, as a result of which they gradually become his own views and beliefs. In the future, the behavior of the child, as a result of this, is deeply comprehended and has nothing to do with mechanical submission, forced only by external circumstances and requirements.
In addition, individual forms include close interaction with families of students. It is the family that plays a decisive role at a particular age stage. Therefore, the teacher must involve parents in the process of patriotic education of children.
A significant form of patriotic education (which can be both individual and group) is the game. The games of younger students are aimed at imitating the behavior of adults. On the one hand, the biological essence of the child is manifested in the game, and on the other hand, the readiness for social adaptation. In the game, the norms of behavior from adult life are trained, the values of the child are developed. According to D.B. Elkonin, in the game the child moves into the developed world of higher forms of human activity, the rules of human relationships, and the game becomes a source of morality. That is why in elementary school games are not only not prohibited, but are also actively used both in education and in training.
Consider group forms of patriotic education of younger students: group forms of education involve the activities of students in groups from 5-7 to 25 people.
Group forms of patriotic education include meetings with war and labor veterans, conversations, quizzes, collective creative activities, exhibitions, excursions, hiking trips to study the historical past of the native land.
An interesting group form of work is the work of a museum or a museum room at a school. One of the conditions for the successful organization and operation of the school museum is continuity in the work of its assets. It is ensured by the fact that it includes students of different age groups. Students jointly, jointly participate in the performance of various tasks for the search and collection of museum materials, their accounting and storage, the design of exhibitions, expositions, the preparation and conduct of excursions. History teachers, employees of the city museum can take part in conducting classes. In the classroom, students' reports on the implementation of search tasks are heard, and an exchange of views is held. The organization of such classes will allow students to acquire local history knowledge about their small homeland.
Consider local history work. as a group form of patriotic education.
Many methodologists believe that the basis of the patriotic education of students is the knowledge and awareness of their "small" Motherland. In elementary school, the process of studying the "small" Motherland, its nature, culture and way of life is called local history work.
In the explanatory dictionary of Ushakov, local history is defined as "the study of some region, the study of individual localities, regions from the side of their nature, economy, life, etc., carried out mainly by local forces."
One of the main features of local history work is that it includes elements of research. Therefore, its obligatory part is the direct participation of schoolchildren in research work. Forms of local history work - lesson, optional and extracurricular.
In lessons with elements of local history, the material is used in the form of separate questions or facts, episodes, its consideration can be at any stage of the lesson. Local history material can be presented both by the teacher and by students who make reports.
The main feature of optional classes is an in-depth theoretical study of the material. The basis is the voluntariness and deep interest of students, their independent activity. Optional courses in local history successfully combine different forms and methods of classroom and extracurricular work in general.
Extracurricular local history work - excursions, expeditions, evenings, olympiads, quizzes, conferences. This also includes meetings with participants and witnesses of historical events, local history games. An effective means of enhancing the independent activity of students is their participation in the production of local history wall newspapers, magazines, compiling quizzes, discussing books read, making photomontages.
Consider the mass forms of patriotic education of younger students: mass forms of education involve working with a large number of students. The mass forms of patriotic education include class hours, circles and sections, clubs and camps, memory shifts, search activities, meetings with veterans, festivals and holidays, gatherings and gatherings, games. It is believed that with an increase in the number of pupils, the quality of education decreases, since the individual impact on the student decreases. However, the organization of education in such forms contributes to the formation in children of an awareness of personal responsibility for a common cause, the development of communication skills with people, the ability to listen to another person, respect for another opinion, which plays an important role in patriotic education.
The process of patriotic education can be called two-way. On the one hand, there is a purposeful influence on the part of the teacher, on the other hand, organized activity students, which must necessarily have a goal set by them. Education is carried out using a variety of methods. Under the methods of education in pedagogy, we mean ways to achieve the goal of education, the impact of teachers on students, on the organization of their activities. The application of the method contributes to greater success in education if it is correlated with the leading type of activity of children. Also, teachers believe that the educational impact is enhanced with various combinations of methods.
The classification of methods is a system built on a certain basis. It helps to highlight common and specific features in the methods, thereby contributing to their conscious choice by the teacher, the most effective application. There are many classifications of educational methods. Let's consider some of them.
N.I. Boldyrev and N.K. Goncharov divide the methods of education according to their focus into the following groups:
1) Methods of Persuasion
2) Methods of exercises (training)
3) Reward methods
4) Method of punishment
Let's consider these methods in more detail.
Consider reasoning methods:
The story is a presentation of events and facts that have a vivid emotional impact on the consciousness and feelings of children. When using this method, it is necessary to evoke a positive response, while avoiding moralizing at the same time.
A conversation is a dialogue between a teacher and students, based on the sensory experience of children and their knowledge. You can enhance the activation of perception with the help of visibility.
An example is the choice of a role model based on likes, affections, inclinations.
Suggestion - an uncritical offer to students of some desires, ideas, attitudes. The effect of suggestions depends on the authority of the teacher.
Demands - direct motivation of the child to act or action. Requirements must outstrip the development of the student's personality, and also turn into the child's requirements for himself.
There are two types of requirements:
Direct (order, instruction, prescription);
Indirect (request, advice, hint).
Also, the requirements are divided according to the emotional and psychological orientation:
a) a requirement with a positive attitude towards the child (request, approval, expression of trust);
b) a demand with a negative attitude (condemnation, threat, order);
c) requirement with a neutral attitude (advice, hint, requirement in game design).
Consider the methods of exercises (training).
Exercise - repeated repetition of actions with awareness of the goal and results. The teacher needs to show different ways of solving problems, to explain the essence and significance of the quality being brought up.
Habituation is the organization of regular performance by students of actions that become habitual forms of behavior. This method consists of showing and pinning with repetition.
The teacher can organize the exercise and learning in the form of problem situations in the game activity. Students change roles, better understand the essence of what is happening, in addition, their motivation increases. As a result, children develop self-esteem, introspection, methods of conscious discipline.
Consider the creation of educational situations. The given situation can be staged, after which the students freely choose any option for its resolution.
Supervision - observation of the activities of the child in order to encourage him to comply with the rules. Means of control: daily observation, individual conversations.
Switching - diverting the attention of the student in order to distract him from harmful activities.
Consider the methods of encouragement: encouragement - an expression of a positive assessment of the student's act, causing him satisfaction with his activities.
Competition - this method increases the motivation and activity of students. They are offered in advance various ways to achieve the goal and criteria for evaluating the results.
Consider the methods of punishment:
Punishment is an expression of a negative assessment of a student's act. Types of punishment are censure, remarks, disapproval, reprimand, condemnation. Suggestion and direct demand as methods of education in our time are considered inappropriate. Some educators consider them to be contrary to the principle of humanism and the individualization of learning.
Most often in education, the classification of methods compiled by G.I. Schukina. The teacher identifies the following groups of upbringing methods:
1) Methods for the formation of consciousness (story, explanation, conversation, analysis of situations, example);
2) Methods for organizing activities and shaping behavior (assignment, exercise, training);
3) Methods of stimulating activity and behavior (requirement, competition, encouragement, punishment);
Some of these methods have been defined above, so let's consider the features of their application.
Explanation is considered one of the most accessible methods of moral and ethical education. It is necessary to find out what children know about the rules of relations with other children, what specific content they put into the concepts of "kindness", "honesty", "fairness". With the help of this method, students are explained the norms of behavior at school, at home, on the street, in society.
The story is one of the main methods of moral and ethical education and involves the accumulation in students of a stock of ideas and concepts about those norms of behavior that are accepted in society. At the same time, this method is based on the experiences of schoolchildren, through which students begin to distinguish between good and bad, fair and unfair. It is possible to implement the methods of storytelling and explanation when studying works of art.
The formation of the foundations of patriotism among students is greatly influenced by such a method of education as the creation and analysis of situations.
In pedagogical practice, the following types of educational situations are used:
Problematic - the formation of ideas about how to solve the problem;
Constructive - designing behavior in given conditions;
Prognostic - the development of skills to foresee the consequences of an act (one's own or someone else's);
Evaluation - the formation and development of assessment skills;
Analytical - analysis of correct and erroneous actions of participants;
Reproductive - verbal or practical demonstration of already existing experience of behavior.
In the process of playing various situations, the child's imagination is activated. This is of great importance for positive changes in himself due to the appearance in him of an “image of himself”, acting according to moral laws.
In our opinion, the most effective method of patriotic education in the lessons of literary reading is a conversation. It helps students to understand complex concepts, to form a firm moral position in them, to realize their personal experience behavior.
During the conversation, it is necessary that students actively participate in the discussion and formulate conclusions themselves. This method is based on the analysis and discussion of specific facts and events from Everyday life, examples from fiction.
The peculiarity of the conversation is that the students themselves develop the correct assessments and judgments about concepts and actions. They can also include dramatizations, reading excerpts from works of art. In the process of primary education, information-reproductive methods are reduced to a minimum. They are used only in cases where students do not have a basis for organizing constructive mental activity, or due to the complexity of the material.
The role of conversations was highly appreciated by A.S. Makarenko. "A whole series of conversations, a whole cycle of such conversations, simply produced a great philosophical improvement in my team." The conversation, according to L.R. Bolotina, requires the teacher to have great spiritual closeness to the students. During the conversation, he should show respect for the inner world of the child. The result of the conversation is a conclusion on the issue under discussion,.
The example implies a purposeful and systematic impact on the consciousness and behavior of schoolchildren through the organization of behavior patterns. Considered one of the most effective methods education.
Undoubtedly, a variety of methods of patriotic education should be used throughout the entire education of children in elementary school. Their choice is made depending on the characteristics of the students and the subjects studied.
Thus, the process of patriotic education has its own specific features. They consist not only in the selection of the most effective forms and methods, but also in the fact that only the foundations of patriotism are formed in elementary school.
Introduction
Chapter 1. Pedagogical foundations of patriotic education
1.1. Tasks and principles of patriotic education
1.2. Local history work as a form of patriotic education
Chapter 2
Conclusion
Literature
Introduction
The patriotic education of the younger generation has always been one of the most important tasks of the modern school, because childhood and youth are the most fertile time for instilling a sacred sense of love for the Motherland. Patriotic education is understood as the gradual and steady formation of students' love for their homeland. Patriotism is one of the most important features of a comprehensively developed personality. Schoolchildren should develop a sense of pride in their homeland and their people, respect for its great achievements and worthy pages of the past. Much is required of the school: its role in this regard cannot be overestimated.
Unfortunately, at present, school patriotic education has practically come to naught, as they say. Many factors have contributed to this in recent years: the intensified instillation of opinions in the media about the erroneous path of Russia's development, the absence of a common state, so to speak, basic ideology. In addition, the education of patriotism is hampered by the lack of methodological literature in which teachers could find recommendations and advice on this issue.
Their meaning lies in explaining the real concepts of good and evil, turning the consciousness of schoolchildren to the high ideals of national history and thereby creating in them independent ideas about the worthy global significance and self-worth of Russia. If the teacher in his daily work begins to regularly refer to the materials of the collection, then their use will allow raising a generation of people who are convinced, noble, ready for a feat, those who are usually called the short and capacious word "patriot". As schoolchildren grow older, as researchers note, the so-called “spring of heroism” (A. Ya. Brushtein) begins to form, requiring implementation, but, no matter how insulting it is to state, it most often remains unclaimed. On the other hand, the awakening forces of the growing organism can find their application in adhering to anti-social organizations, the flow of which is growing year by year.
Therefore, the topic is relevant.
The purpose of this work is to identify the methods and techniques used in educational work to form the patriotic consciousness of younger students.
Substantiate the tasks and principles of patriotic education;
To identify methods and techniques of patriotic education of younger students;
Show effective forms of patriot education in elementary school.
The object of research is the process of patriotic education of schoolchildren.
The subject of the research is the pedagogical conditions of work on the patriotic education of younger schoolchildren.
Research hypothesis: if you approach the work of patriotism education of younger students, then the process of education can be made more natural, effective. It can be assumed that if, on the basis of the basic program, a set of classes is developed aimed at improving the work on the patriotic education of schoolchildren, then the following results can be obtained:
- to increase the level of development of schoolchildren;
— provide an integrated approach to the harmonious development of schoolchildren;
- to increase the effectiveness of educating children's cognitive interest in their native land, in their country
Research methods:
The study of pedagogical and methodological literature on the research problem;
Monitoring the activities of schoolchildren; conversation
The work consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion, a list of references.
Chapter 1. Pedagogical foundations of patriotic education
1.1. Tasks and principles of patriotic education
The historical experience of the formation and development of our Fatherland indicates that the most important means of forming a civil society, strengthening the unity and integrity of a multinational Russian Federation is the patriotic education of citizens. However, the collapse of the Soviet Union, the changes that took place in Russia and other CIS countries, caused by the transition from one economic formation to another, led to the degradation of the previously established system of patriotic and international education. Lack of ideas, egocentrism, cynicism, aggressiveness, moral relativism began to penetrate into the consciousness of people. It is a matter of concern that this is happening in Russia against the backdrop of increased patriotic education in the leading countries of the world, where loyalty to the motherland and respect for the state flag and emblem are cultivated.
In conditions of social instability and the absence of effective ideological guidelines, it turned out to be very difficult to develop a concept that would allow teachers to determine what kind of citizen should be educated, what personal qualities it is necessary v to form it. As a result, various views of a nationalist, chauvinistic and even fascist persuasion have spread with an inadequate interpretation of the concepts of "Fatherland", "citizenship", "patriotism", "internationalism", "nationalism", "chauvinism", "fascism", "Zionism", " anti-Semitism", "cosmopolitanism", etc. In such a dangerous situation, there is a departure of Russian citizens from the former Soviet patriotism and the gradual formation of a new one - Russian patriotism, in which the traditions of the heroic past and today's realities of life should be harmoniously combined, taking into account the prospects for the development of society in the foreseeable future.
Describing the situation that has developed in the country, Vladimir Putin says that even the word "patriotism" itself is "sometimes used in an ironic or even abusive sense. However, for most Russians it has retained its original, completely positive meaning. This is a feeling of pride in one's Fatherland ", its history, accomplishments. This is the desire to make their country more beautiful, richer, stronger, happier. When these feelings are free from national arrogance and imperial ambitions, there is nothing reprehensible, inert in them. This is a source of courage, stamina, strength of the people. Having lost patriotism, national pride and dignity associated with it, we will lose ourselves as a people capable of great achievements" (Russia at the turn of the millennium // Nezavisimaya gazeta. 12/30/1999).
In recent times, society has become more and more aware of the detrimental nature of moral degradation for the future of Russia, and the word "patriotism" is regaining its lofty meaning. The difficult situation in the country aroused the concern of employees of educational and cultural institutions, scientists, government, public and religious figures. In their opinion, patriotic education is an important means of forming a civil society, strengthening the unity and integrity of the Russian Federation. An important step in increasing the attention of the country's leadership and the population to the problems of patriotic education was the development of the state program "Patriotic education of citizens of the Russian Federation for 2001-2005" (approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of February 16, 2001, No. 122).
In the implementation of this program, disclosure of the essence of the goal, tasks and principles of educating citizens in the spirit of patriotism and friendship of peoples is of great importance. Let's look at the key concepts.
As they say in textbooks on political science, Russian patriotism is the attitude of citizens towards their homeland - the Russian Federation, expressed in their readiness to serve and defend it. This is an attitude to the vast expanses of the country, its natural resources, the heroic historical past and today's contradictory realities, the peoples inhabiting it, their national merits); cultures, traditions, compatriots.
Friendship of the peoples of the Russian Federation is the relationship of nations, nationalities, based on the ideas of humanism, democracy and good neighborliness. It also represents the processes of implementing these ideas in the sphere of interethnic relations, which find their practical expression in the form of joint coordinated creative actions aimed at achieving common goals.
The friendship of the peoples of Russia and Russian patriotism are interconnected and complement each other. This is explained by the fact that in a multinational state, the national (inherent in individual peoples) and civil-patriotic (inherent in the entire federation) are combined as general and special. Patriotism under these conditions does not divide and separate the nations of the country, but brings them together, unites them.
Russian patriotism does not oppose the peoples of the country, but unites them within the framework of a single Federation, strengthens their ties with the peoples of the CIS and other foreign countries. In Russian patriotism, the all-Russian feeling of a citizen is combined with his feeling of a small homeland. native republic, region or national district.
In Russian patriotism, they must find a combination of the idea of the peoples of Russia with a national, all-Russian idea, which is perceived by citizens of a multinational, multi-confessional country as a value core, as the meaning of life. Russian patriotism must also combine the personal, inherent in every citizen (regardless of national and religious affiliation) and public, connected with the development of the power of the country, its progress, the strengthening of the Federation.
Political scientists note that the goals of education and upbringing in a multinational state are formed in accordance with the interests of the ethno-confessional composition of the population, the nature of the relationship between peoples and national-territorial formations that are part of the federation. These goals, of course, reflect the level of development of society. At the same time, it is important to note that a society free from dictate is able to put forward realistically achievable goals if it has come to understand that only well-conscious perspectives of what has been planned give teachers the right direction and help them achieve success.
For Russia, one of the largest multinational and multi-confessional countries in the world, the most important goal of upbringing and education is the formation of Russian patriotism, a sense of friendship between peoples and religious tolerance among its citizens. The general goal defined by the state - the upbringing of a culture of interethnic communication - is differentiated in a system of actually feasible (family, educational institutions, cultural institutions, media, public organizations) specific tasks. The tasks determined by the common goal are designed to take into account the needs of the development of a multinational, multi-confessional society and social ideals that could become attractive to the peoples that make up the federation.
The tasks of education stem not only from the general goal determined by the essence of the social system of a multinational state, its ideology and politics, but also from the nature of the relations of the peoples inhabiting the state. Guided by this initial position, characteristic of multinational states, based on an analysis of the relations between the peoples of Russia, taking into account their desire for life together and strengthening the common federal Fatherland, we have defined the following system of tasks for the patriotic education of citizens, namely, educating them: love for the Fatherland - the Russian Federation and its multinational people; Russian patriotism, in which the all-Russian feeling of a citizen (readiness to serve the Motherland, to defend it) is combined with his love for his small motherland (native republic, region or national district); respect for all the peoples of the Russian Federation, for their history, traditions, languages, cultures, national honor and dignity; love for the native language, culture and history of their people; respect for the Russian people and understanding of their role in the formation and development of Russian statehood; respect for the Russian language as the most important means of interethnic communication and mutual rapprochement between the peoples of Russia and the CIS; friendly attitude towards the peoples of the CIS, the formation of a sense of belonging to the Commonwealth of Independent States;
respect for international norms of human and peoples' rights, which involves the formation of legal consciousness and legal culture;
deep respect for the Constitution and other laws of the Russian Federation;
respect for the rights and freedoms of man and citizen, regardless of gender, race, nationality, language, origin, property and official status, place of residence and attitude to religion;
deep respect for universal human values, universal civilization (peace, security, freedom, the opportunity for each people to determine their own destiny, the triumph of reason and humanism, ensuring the rights and freedoms of the individual);
respect for world languages and languages of interethnic communication, accompanying this work with an explanation of the unconditional right of all peoples to the free use of their native language;
respect for the national dignity and feelings of people, for their ethnic views and beliefs;
respectful attitude to the national and confessional affiliation of a person, to the ethno-cultural and religious needs of people;
irreconcilable attitude to all forms of manifestation of nationalism, chauvinism, racism; instilling hatred for genocide, apartheid, preaching fascism and other racial, national or religious exclusiveness;
religious tolerance and respect for the religious feelings of people;
respect for the provisions of the Constitution that Russia is a secular state, where religious associations are separated from the state and equal before the law, all citizens are guaranteed freedom of conscience and religion, education is secular.
So, we have considered the purpose and tasks of the patriotic education of citizens. Let us turn to the consideration of the relevant principles, which, as is known, in pedagogy are considered to be the fundamental, fundamental ideas, initial provisions and systems of requirements arising from the goal of education and the theoretical provisions established by science, the observance of which ensures the effective functioning of the educational process. The principles of education express the basic requirements for the content, methods and means of educational work.
When solving educational problems, the teacher is guided by the principles of education. It is designed to take into account both the nature of education itself and the various circumstances and conditions under the influence of which the process of socialization of the young generation takes place.
The authorities and the public are called upon, guided by the principles of state national policy, to regulate the relations of the peoples of the country, to establish their joint peaceful life, to strengthen the common multinational homeland. Such regulation is carried out at the level of ethnic communities and national-territorial formations.
Teachers, guided by the principles of patriotic education, are called upon to help strengthen friendly relations between the peoples of Russia (at the psychological, interpersonal levels) through the education of citizens of feelings of Russian patriotism, friendship of peoples and religious tolerance.
The principles of patriotic education constitute an interconnected, integral system, guided by which teachers ensure the effective fulfillment of the goals and objectives of education, embody the content of education and upbringing in pedagogical practice, subject to the obligatory condition of public and state regulation of the activities of educational and cultural institutions, public organizations, the media and the family for patriotic education . The principles of patriotic education include the focus of education on:
strengthening the unity and integrity of the Russian Federation;
taking into account in the upbringing of the characteristics of various categories of the population (preschoolers, younger schoolchildren, adolescents, senior schoolchildren, students, employees of state institutions, military personnel, residents of cities and villages);
preservation and development of historically established friendly relations between the peoples of Russia, their consolidation in a single federal state;
promoting the development of national cultures and languages of the peoples of the Russian Federation;
assistance to the peaceful resolution of inter-ethnic contradictions and conflicts;
debunking propaganda of racism, nationalism and religious hatred;
ensuring equality of peoples and national minorities of the country;
ensuring equality of rights and freedoms of man and citizen, regardless of his race, nationality, language, attitude to religion;
strengthening the positive in the relations between the peoples and religious confessions of the country;
humane, respectful attitude to people of different nationalities and races, to their historical heritage, cultures and traditions;
a combination in the education of the national, civil-patriotic and universal;
ensuring mutual understanding and cooperation between people, peoples, racial, ethnic and religious groups;
the formation in each new generation of national self-consciousness, open to the perception of the values of other peoples;
prevention of interethnic conflicts;
taking into account in the education of the religious and confessional characteristics of various peoples, the observance of the equal status of religions; cooperation with traditional religions in fostering a sense of respect and trust between peoples, religious tolerance;
dissemination of objective information about the joint life and problems of the peoples of Russia, the ideas of their spiritual unity, international peace, cooperation and mutual assistance;
taking into account the national and cultural needs of the scattered peoples and national minorities of the country for the preservation and development of their identity, traditions, languages, culture, education;
preservation of the original culture, languages, traditions and habitat of the indigenous peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East;
taking into account in education the ethno-political situation of the North Caucasus, its historical and cultural specifics, special geopolitical position and consequences of armed conflicts;
protection of the rights of refugees and internally displaced persons, taking into account their national and cultural characteristics;
mastery of the Russian language - a means of interethnic communication and mutual rapprochement of the peoples of Russia and the CIS;
ensuring cultural interaction between the Russian Federation and the CIS countries within the framework of the common Eurasian ethno-cultural space.
1.2. Local history work as a form of patriotic education
Until quite recently, one could only say “military-patriotic education”, since patriotism was associated only next to the image of the enemy. The demilitarization of the school, which is somewhat more successful than democratization, removed from the curricula the course of initial military training, the obligatory "Zarnitsa" and "Eagles", although it retained "arming with knowledge" in the vocabulary of teachers and administration.
Patriotic education, like moral education, cannot be carried out according to instructions and voluntary-compulsory games that are appropriate in a military school and alien in a general education school. In order for a person to stand up for his Motherland without hesitation in case of danger, he must feel love for this Motherland that pierces to the point of pain in his heart. The love that we not only feel, but also, as it were, hear both in the words of M. Sholokhov and in the prose poem “Dear Land” by Fyodor Kryukov: Dear Land ... Like a caress of a mother, like her gentle call over the cradle, warmth and joy the magic sound of familiar words trembles in the heart.
The quiet light of dawn is melting a little, a cricket is ringing under a bench in the corner, a young month is minted from silver in the window ... It smells of dill from the garden ... Dear land ...
The crosses of my native graves, and the smoke of kizek over the levada, and the spots of white kurens in the green frame of willow groves, grain with brown straw and a crane frozen in thought - excites my heart more than all the wondrous countries beyond the distant seas, where the beauty of nature and art have created the world of charms. I love you, dear land.
Singing the drawn-out songs of antiquity, melancholy and daring, the beauty of parting and boundless sadness - ache my heart with the sweet pain of sadness, inexpressibly close and dear.
The wise silence of gray-haired mounds and the cry of a gray eagle in the sky, in the pearly haze of visions of the zipun knights of the past, poured with the blood of the brave, strewn with Cossack bones the expanse of green and dear ... Isn't it you, dear land?
In the days of stagnation, in a troubled time of collapse and downfall of spirit, I, hating and loving, mourned You with bitter tears, my Native Land ... "
This work, created in 1918 (given in abridged form), has not lost its freshness and relevance even today.
Much connects a person with the place where he was born and raised. The native land, its people, nature, having passed through consciousness, become part of human destiny. Wherever we live, no matter what language we speak, Russia is our common, great, and only Fatherland. However, each of us also has his own, sweet corner of the earth, where he saw the light of the sun, took his first steps, got a start in life. This place - a city or a farm - is incomparable with anything else. This is our threshold of life, the Little Motherland.
Many methodologists believe that the main methodological principle of the patriotic education of students should be the knowledge and awareness of their Little Motherland. The patriotic education of students begins with the knowledge of the Little Motherland, with the knowledge of the smells of spicy steppe herbs, the mysterious breath of the sea depths, the singing of the lark in the sky. It is no coincidence that in pre-revolutionary Russia, the school curriculum included the subject "Motherland Studies", which was later renamed "Local Studies". In the explanatory dictionary of V.I. Dahl we read: “Local history is a body of knowledge (historical, geographical, etc.) about individual localities or the country as a whole, it is a comprehensive study of one’s locality — nature, economy, history, life of people — mainly by local schools” ...
“Local history is, first of all, local love,” recalled Professor S.O. Schmidt. “The most massive type of science,” Academician D.S. Likhachev. High science merges here with the masses. Not only figuratively, but also literally. After all, the local history club is perhaps the only place where a gray-haired professor can discuss a common problem with a young teacher or a schoolboy from a distant farm.
The contribution of local historians to many sciences can hardly be overestimated.
After all, without a comprehensive, comprehensive study of the native land (which is what local history does), it is impossible to form a person of culture.
And how not to recall here the words of Vitaly Zakrutkin:
"Love to motherland. Indelible love for the place where you first saw the sun and your mother's head bowed over you, and heard the words of your father, and repeated them, knowing the beauty mother tongue! Whose soul was not disturbed by this bright, pure, incorruptible love?
The motherland can do without us, but we are nothing without it. This great truth, to which V.A. Sukhomlinsky, every child should understand and feel. Any student interested in local history can choose an occupation to their liking. There are the following areas of local history work: geographical, artistic, historical, literary, ecological.
Geographic local history studies the climatic features of the area and their dynamics, forest and steppe tracts, hills, ravines, individual trees, barrows, fragments of the landscape and sea areas, steppe barrows, individual mountains and dunes, soils, animal world, streams and springs. Sculpture, architecture, art crafts, oral folk art, musical folklore, wood carving, dance art, etc. can become the object of artistic local history research.
The subject of attention of local historians is the history of cities, towns, individual buildings, prominent personalities, enterprises, schools, social processes and phenomena, population
In pedagogical science, the purpose of literary local history is to identify two dependencies: how this or that city (village) shaped the personality of the writer (poet) and how this writer reflected this or that locality in his work.
The main sources of local history information are:
Periodical press (newspapers, magazines, almanacs);
Fiction (but it must be remembered that n (every writer-artist reliably reflects reality);
archival funds;
museum funds;
all kinds of plans and maps;
material traces of culture (works of sculpture, painting, architecture);
Materials of statistics;
Oral testimonies of the elders. Basic principles of local history work:
Systems approach;
The ultimate reliability of the facts;
The synchronism of individual areas of search (for example, art or nature of the region cannot be considered in the historical context).
Forms of local history work - classroom and extracurricular, both active (search itself, tourism, field work) and passive (working out field materials, excursion services in school museums).
Extracurricular local history work is search expeditions, tourism, local history theoretical circles, theme evenings, competitions, olympiads, plein air (painting sketches from nature).
The end result of serious local history work is the school museum.
It is good when school research work on local lore is consistent with the work of local state museums or is carried out under their patronage. In this case, success is guaranteed. For example, the search expeditions of schoolchildren from the city of Taganrog gave a lot to the literary museum of A.P. Chekhov; schoolchildren in Rostov, under the guidance of a history teacher, who excavated the wreckage of more than 10 dead aircraft, handed over a lot of materials to the regional museum of local lore; State Museum "Post Station" in Aksai began with a modest museum of one of the schools in the city.
The quality and volume of local history work, the enthusiasm of children and the scope of their activities largely determine the personality of the teacher. You cannot count on success if you treat your work formally, without much personal interest. After all, children will immediately feel the official taste in communication.
Only after a good methodological preparation can one approach the practical implementation of one's ideas, because intuition alone is not enough in local history work. The content, topics and forms of work with children, the depth of elaboration of individual tasks, of course, depend on the age group.
In order for younger students to be able to fully feel the features of the school, imbued with its traditions, and then continue them, adults must know the kids well, their features.
In Sh. A. Amonashvili's book "At school - from the age of six" the author names a number of properties that are of particular importance for the effective organization of educational work with them in school conditions. These properties include: lack of social and moral experience; the predominance of urgent needs and impulsive activity; desire for gaming.
Let's try to follow the examples of the work of many schools, how the tasks of military-patriotic education of younger schoolchildren are solved, taking into account the characteristics of this age, what can be done in order to become a defender of the Motherland in the process of educational work.
Many teachers from the first school days form in children such important concepts as "Motherland", "patriot", "feat", "soldier-liberator". Students are brought to the realization that patriotism is love for the Motherland, active, effective love, the desire to strengthen its power on its own.
Awakening children's interest in history, exploits, teachers make lists of books on military-patriotic topics for extracurricular reading. Some of them are discussed in extracurricular activities, for example: “Volodka is a partisan son” by A. Perventsev, “Captain Gastello” by A. Belyaev, “Storm of the Reichstag” by B. Gorbatov, “Kortik” by A. Rybakov, “What did you do good” L . Tatyanicheva, and others.
In a number of schools, the reading of works of art dedicated to young heroes is skillfully used. It seems to us that third-graders will read with great interest "The Tale of the Military Secret, Malchish-Kibalchish and His Firm Word" by A. Gaidar, and others, unfortunately now forgotten books. War veterans must be invited to a meeting with the guys. They will acquaint schoolchildren with concrete, vivid facts of the heroism of Soviet soldiers, with the heroic deeds of children - pioneers and schoolchildren. Then you can hold military-patriotic games, which are also forgotten, you can revive Timurov's work, providing constant assistance to war veterans and not only on holidays.
Of interest are the lessons of courage held in the primary grades. Veterans of the Great Patriotic War arrive at the school to participate in them. Then you can conduct a review of the troops. Each class has its own uniform: pilots, tankers, border guards, sailors .. Judging is organized by high school students. The honorary jury is veterans. Thus, the review of the troops actually opens the lessons of courage, refracting the continuity of generations in the military-patriotic activities of schoolchildren.
Every year, together with their parents, teachers, veterans, schoolchildren can participate in the laying of wreaths at the grave of soldiers. In anticipation of this day, students primary school schools under the guidance of teachers make artificial flowers, weave them into the frame of wreaths. The kids are well aware that they have been given a great honor - to prepare an important school-wide business and directly participate in it.
In schools, it is advisable to conduct cycles of conversations devoted to the symbols of the country: the creation of the State Emblem, the flag, the text and music of the anthem of the Russian Federation (such work in an accessible form can be started in the lower grades); specifically for younger students, one could advise the following topics: “Why is the flag of our Motherland a tricolor?”, “The coat of arms of the Russian Federation”, “How the coat of arms of the Russian Federation was created”.
Thus, the military-patriotic education of younger schoolchildren is characterized by the emergence of a number of new forms, and those that involve the inclusion of students in direct military-patriotic activities: "Zarnichka", parades of formation and songs, the search for materials about the exploits of relatives and friends, heroes-compatriots, assistance in equipping the exposition of the school museum of military glory, participation in military-patriotic ceremonies. An important prerequisite for the effectiveness of the military-patriotic education of younger schoolchildren is their timely familiarization with the traditions that were born at school and aimed at training patriots.
But non-patriotic education can also be carried out in the classroom. The lesson was and remains the most important link in the system of educational work with students. It is in the lessons that the foundation of patriotic consciousness should be laid, patriotic feelings and behavior of a citizen - a builder and defender of the Fatherland. Practice shows that no interesting extracurricular and out-of-school educational work can ever compensate for the gaps made in the matter of upbringing in the classroom.
So everyone is in favor of going to the lessons in the beginning - given their importance and the paradoxical circumstance that the most important link in the system of military-patriotic education - the lesson - has not received proper disclosure in the works of specialists.
Discipline as one of the most important qualities necessary for the successful fulfillment of military duty is formed in the classroom.
When and where is high discipline formed at school - in the classroom or in the process of extracurricular activities, in primary, middle or high school? The answer can be unequivocal: both in the classroom and outside of them, from the first minute of schooling to the last. But, calling a spade a spade, we recognize that the formation of discipline in such a range of time and space is possible only in those schools where there is a team of like-minded teachers-educators. And what is an indicator, a litmus test of the presence of such a team (that is, a real one, and not just in the state) at school? The unity of the requirements of teachers to students - in big and small, in the classroom and outside the classroom, etc.
Therefore, if the unity of the requirements of teachers-educators in big and small is not achieved, neither the content of the educational process, nor the high individual skill of individual teachers will help out. It teaches, educates, disciplines, instills a high culture of work, first of all, the very organization of the educational process, in which there can be no trifles, everything is “close-up”: and how the teacher entered the class, how the mutual greeting passed, whether it was heard report of the duty officer in the class, what is the state of the workplace of each student, are everyone ready for the lesson, etc.
Is the school clean? Is the design style of the lobby, assembly hall, stairs, etc., the same? Do all lessons start and end strictly on call? Does every teacher know how to listen to the student to the end, will not allow himself to shout at his pupil, make comments in an insulting, degrading form of the child? All these and many other questions are components of one big question: is there a real school?
The unity of the requirements of teachers in the field of military-patriotic education of students finds its concrete expression in a productive school regime, without which it is impossible to successfully solve the problems of education, or education in general. A clear regime of school life, academic work and extracurricular activities is an important, effective factor in instilling discipline in students.
The correct mode determines the efficiency of the team, the clarity of its working rhythm, educates the culture of mental and physical labor. Increasing the level of exactingness to the pupils, it has a positive effect on their emotional sphere, disciplines externally and internally, educates the will and tempers the character.
The importance of discipline is great for carriers of any profession. Another thing is also obvious: without high discipline there is not and cannot be a warrior, just as there cannot be an army without discipline of the highest order. It is discipline that is not only an indispensable prerequisite, a tool for solving problems, but also a stable fusion of moral, political, intellectual, emotional and volitional characteristics of a person. That is why there is a need to use in the practice of secondary school, and in particular in the organization of a clear regime of schoolwork.
If a proper working atmosphere is not created in the school, if firm discipline is not established in the lessons, breaks and extracurricular activities, teachers will never be able to solve general educational and educational tasks, including military-patriotic education.
Apparently, there is a need to draw the attention of secondary school teachers to the importance of a strict and clear regime of educational and extracurricular activities. In conclusion of the conversation about the routine of school life, we note that the attention paid to this issue in our work is objectively justified. Firstly, the address of the conversation is quite wide: the whole school, all the teachers, the organization of work in the classroom and after school hours. And secondly, we agree that the routine of school life is an integral part of the educational atmosphere created by the efforts of all teachers and students.
Chapter 2
Patriotism, according to Methodists, is a deep awareness of one's inseparability with the Fatherland, not only in its historical, cultural and territorial aspect, but also in inseparable involvement with its nature.
Teachers, unjustifiably relegated to the background the problem of the formation in children of true love and respect for the Motherland, for its historical past, for Russian original culture, for folk art and art
So, for the education of patriotism in the work, you can use folk themes: folklore, folk poetry, fairy tales, epic, phraseology and vocabulary of the native language, a variety of types of arts and crafts, folk rituals and traditions, i.e. all those spiritual values with which our great Motherland is rich, which is the core of the national character. At first, this work was carried out in the classroom, then through a folklore circle, through elective courses in aesthetics.
The author's program of the teacher of Russian language and literature from the city of Kirov N.V. Chernykh "Russian traditional culture" was developed. Where necessarily several lessons are devoted to the small Motherland. Their goal is to reveal to children the meaning of the concept of "small Motherland". Understand why the Motherland is the most precious thing?
At the lessons, the works of M.I. Glinka, P.I. Tchaikovsky, bell chimes, fragments of sacred music, Russian folk songs, poems about Russia, about the Vyatka region. Then the work on Russian subjects deepens and expands. Students meet folk craftsmen. Lessons are conducted in an entertaining way. More historical material is included in the content of the lessons. Be sure that students get acquainted with the traditions, rituals, traditions of their people (after all, each nation is rich in its own national characteristics), they talk about ancient Russian cities, about their hometown. Outside school hours, various holidays and excursions are held. For example, "Russian Matryoshka Festival" or "Russian Forest" Children went on city tours, museums, workshops of cities
Interesting and informative meetings with famous people of their region. So, writers, museum workers can be invited to the school. Together with the craftsmen, conduct classes where schoolchildren will get to know and learn how to make, make all kinds of national clay products.
Based on the program of N.V. Chernykh, it is possible to conduct a lesson that is unusual at first glance. "Native Side" The lesson is always preceded by a walk through the streets, where there are old buildings. The disciples were surprised to rediscover the beauty of these houses. After the tour, they enthusiastically work on creating an image of the house. Someone made it out of paper, someone drew it, and it turned out to be a beautiful street that will remain in children's memory for a long time.
In the work it is necessary to use the interaction of three types of art - words, painting, music, which shows how the same phenomenon is depicted by different craftsmen.
Working in this direction, we can say with confidence that: students will study material related to folk culture with interest, especially when they themselves are participants in the creative process. Their cultural level is rising, there is a need to obtain new knowledge about the Motherland, about folk traditions. All this is very important for the formation of patriots, worthy citizens of their Fatherland.
A concrete understanding of the role and place of native nature in the life of society and the fate of the Fatherland is manifested in each of us in a personal interested, indifferent attitude towards it. Recently, the undeservedly pejorative, for any reason, wording "the revival of Russia" has firmly taken root in the media. However, let's think about it: Russia still remains a unique natural complex, the only country in the world, in the bowels of which the entire periodic table is present, so statements about the "dying of Russia" look, to put it mildly, premature.
Another thing is taking care of the natural treasures that we have inherited. Development of teaching and educational tools used in communication with schoolchildren to form their views and beliefs on the conservation and reproduction of natural resources.
It is possible that, thanks to the activities implemented in the school environment, schoolchildren who have become adults, depending on their field of activity and social status, will try to do everything in their own power to preserve Russia's natural resources.
But the symbols of Russia are not only the white birch tree and the mighty oak. Many more wonderful features are considered characteristic of our country - from Russian heroes and beauties to national cuisine and art crafts.
Of course, in one event it is impossible to fully cover the entire history and traditions of, say, such art as Vologda lace. But it is possible and necessary to talk about the most valuable, striking and noticeable phenomena and events all over the world, recognized as typical only for Russia.
And if a child takes care of his national symbols from childhood, then with more confidence we can say that he will become a patriot of his country. In elementary school, patriotic education can start with extracurricular activities. For example:
Russian forest
Participants: Presenter, children in costumes depicting plants of the Russian forest - Rosehip, Dandelion, Pine, Cowberry, Blueberry, Ivan-tea, as well as the Doctor, vocal and dance ensembles.
Preliminary preparation: musical screensavers are being prepared, montages, songs and dances are being learned. To decorate the audience, you can use reproductions from paintings by famous artists, images of forest plants, reproduced posters with recipes for healthy preparations and forest gifts.
On stage, a vocal ensemble performing the song "Russian Forest" (music and lyrics by M. A. Davydova).
Ensemble (sings).
Forest, Russian forest, pines, spruces, aspens, birches,
Forest, Russian forest, winter evening and summer thunderstorms,
The forest, the Russian forest, is full of mystery and full of beautiful
Forest, Russian forest, once stood as a wall for Russia
The forest, the Russian forest, was terrible for foreign soldiers.
Forest, Russian forest, always make people happy and grow to heaven.
Forest, Russian forest, Russian forest.
The ensemble leaves. The leader appears.
Leading. The Russian forest is, without a doubt, worthy of admiration. Forests generally play an important role in maintaining moisture on the ground, regulating the flow of water into rivers. Merciless deforestation entails an increase in moisture in the soil, an increase in the water level in local rivers during floods and a greater likelihood of floods. Imagine rainwater flowing unhindered into the rivers, falling into their river valleys and devastating everything that comes across the path. Of all the countries of Europe, Russia is the richest in forests. In Western Europe, as a result of mismanaged deforestation, by the beginning of the 21st century, alas, negligible forests remained. Residents of Germany, Italy, France, Belgium have forgotten what ordinary forest mushrooms are. Now they feast on only champignon mushrooms grown in greenhouses. But forest mushrooms are much tastier.
No wonder Russian people most often like to go during their holidays not to country resorts, but, guess where? That's right, in the nearby forests and groves. After all, here you can spend the whole day with health benefits. And besides, you can make useful supplies for the winter and take away not only mushrooms, flowers and berries, but also unforgettable impressions, which will later become the basis of long pleasant memories.
The Doctor appears.
Doctor. Good afternoon. I hear you talk about the benefits of forests? May I also join your conversation?
Leading. Hello. Of course you can, just introduce yourself, please. Although I guess from your white coat that you are a doctor.
Doctor. Quite right. May I join your conversation? After all, the forest is indeed a great blessing for all of us. The forest air is healing. It has few microbes and many useful trace elements. Therefore, sanatoriums for sick people and rest houses are always built near forests. Let's remember what useful medicinal plants that grow in forests do you know.
The children answer.
Look, there are recipes on our walls, which indicate how to use this or that plant correctly and what can be prepared from it.
Leading. Let medicinal plants themselves take part in our conversation about the forest today, and let each of them tell a little about himself.
Children appear in costumes of forest medicinal plants. Each of them talks about himself.
Host. And here are our guests. Dear Doctor, will you introduce them?
Doctor: I think the guys will now name each of them themselves. Guys, listen to the riddle that each of the guests will ask you and answer it.
Rose hip.
vitamin jam
Let's surprise everyone.
My name is rose hips, I have smart bright pink flowers and sharp thorns for protection. My berries are champions among plants in terms of the amount of vitamin C. But few people know that you can use not only my berries, the decoction of which is drunk for stomach pain or a lack of vitamins, but also my flowers. When they begin to bloom in the spring, their rose petals are brewed and taken for colds, and if boiled in sugar syrup, you get a delicious rose petal jam.
Dandelion.
I am a well-known plant.
In summer, I am yellow, like the sun.
I will fade - I will change color.
And you will see in the window
What else am I wearing.
White as a bunny in winter
Your cheerful...
(Dandelion).
My flowers are among the first to appear in the spring, and when they ripen, they scatter in cheerful parachutes. Dandelion leaves are also used for colds. And if you pick up a few handfuls of my mature, bright yellow flowers, add lemon sliced \u200b\u200bwith the skin to them and boil with sugar, you will also get delicious jam. Pine.
evergreen tree,
It is hardened by the sun.
And in the winter there is no time for sleep.
Growing up on the mountain...
Decoctions of pine needles soothe nervous system, help with flu and sore throat. Of the young pine cones you can cook an excellent delicacy. First, they must be cleaned, pour boiling water for a minute to soften, and then boiled in thick syrup. Cowberry.
Good beauty!
Everyone loves berries.
Only under the snow is very wild
See a berry...
Yes, even in winter you can dig up bright red cranberries from under the snow. Oh, and my berry soaked in sugar syrup is delicious. A decoction of a lingonberry leaf is used if a person has kidney problems, as well as nosebleeds.
Blueberry.
I am a humble forest berry. In the clearing together in a row My berries look. From under the leaves, look, It appeared ... (Blueberry).
Yes, I am blueberry. A decoction of my leaves helps with heart disease. Blooming Sally.
Bees curl back and forth - Collect sweet honey. In front of us, by chance Appeared ... (Ivan-tea).
Yes, my name is Ivan Chai. People have learned to use everything that grows in the spring on my root. Ivan-tea leaves are eaten as a salad, soup is cooked from the stems, the roots are boiled, and they can replace meat in terms of satiety and number of calories. And you can also dry the whole Ivan-tea plant, grind it into flour and bake bread from it. I’m not talking about the flowers of my plant: they gave me the name - Ivan-tea, which means they can be brewed and drunk as a tasty and healthy drink.
Leading. Great, we are very glad to see you, dear medicinal plants. And what do you guys think, which tree is most often remembered if they want to talk about Russia? Hear a riddle about him:
And not a girl, but a beauty, Everyone will love it, everyone will like it, Black and white dress on her, Her fame rolls about curls.
Children answer: "Birch".
That's right, these are riddles about birch. Even one of the most popular Russian folk songs sings of the birch, remember, "There was a birch in the field."
The round dance song "There was a birch in the field" is performed.
The Russian forest is not only a doctor and comforter. He is a protector. After all, only in the forest can a person find everything necessary for life - trees to build a dwelling, plants and game - for food, and a person can sew warm fur coats from the fur of forest dwellers. And a completely unusual role was taken by the Russian forest during the years of difficult trials of our Motherland. Remember, at music lessons you listened to a song about the Russian forest, which became protection and protection for partisan fighters who liberated their homeland - Russia - from Nazi invaders. This song is called "Severely Noisy Bryansk Forest". Here is its beginning:
Noise severely Bryansk forest.
Gray mists descended
And the pines heard around how they walked,
How did the partisans go to battle? Let's listen to this song again. Pay attention to how the song will sound: it starts quietly, as if we see a dense forest in the predawn fog and partisans going to battle with the enemy. And in the middle, the song sounds loud - the music here paints a picture of the battle itself. The end of the song is again quiet, the battle ended in victory, and again we see only the Russian forest, sheltering its defenders in its heart.
The beginning of the song “The Bryansk Forest Sternly Noisy” by S. Katz sounds.
In the difficult years of military trials, the Russian forest became a home for those who did not surrender to the enemy, but fearlessly fought for their homeland, their loved ones, for the future of their country. And now let's remember one more tree, it is often called the symbol of Russia when they want to emphasize its inflexibility, heroic strength. What is my riddle about?
By the valley, above the steep
The hero stands mighty,
Thunder and winds are not terrible,
Acorns are visible on it.
Children answer: "Oak".
That's right, it's oak. This tree is sung in the Russian folk song "Among the Flat Valley", where the oak is compared to the hero standing on the clock. In the Russian forest there are many trees, remembering which you want to sing songs. Let's remember the names of songs about forest plants ("Oh, viburnum blooms", "What are you standing, swaying, thin mountain ash", "Curly maple, carved leaf", etc.). And one of the most popular Russian plants was, of course, viburnum. All over the world they know the tune of the folk song "Kalinka".
A dance is performed to the melody of "Kalinka".
With this well-known melody, we will end today our conversation about the Russian forest - its beauty, usefulness and musicality.
Educational work in the classroom will yield noticeable results if it is part of the entire work of the school in the patriotic education of children, and if it becomes more complicated in content and methods of implementation from class to class.
Conclusion
So, from all of the above, we can conclude that the core of all civic education is patriotism and internationalism.
The school has always developed in the children of all the peoples of Russia a sense of freedom, unity, equality and brotherhood. The essence of the concept of "patriotism" includes love for the Motherland, for the land where he was born and raised, pride in the historical achievements of the people. Patriotism is inextricably combined with internationalism, a sense of universal solidarity with the peoples of all countries. A special place in international education is occupied by the formation of feelings of unity, friendship, equality and brotherhood, uniting the peoples of Russia, the culture of interethnic communication; intolerance towards manifestations of national narrow-mindedness and chauvinistic swagger. In this process, the role of a truly folk multinational culture, true to the truth of life, is great.
The content of education occupies the leading place in the process of formation of the patriotic and international consciousness of schoolchildren. For example, the study of history introduces the rich patriotic and international traditions of the peoples of Russia, reveals to children the essence of the reform of the political system, which opens up space for the self-government of society, creating conditions for the full development of citizens' initiative; smoothing the mechanism of democratic identification and formation of interests and will of all classes and social groups; providing conditions for the further free development of each nation and nationality, strengthening their friendship and cooperation on the principles of internationalism; radically strengthening law and order; creating an effective mechanism that ensures the timely self-renewal of the political system, the development and implementation of the principles of democracy and self-government in all spheres of life.
Literature
Love for the native land and country is very important to instill from early childhood. Patriotism is a defining feature of the modern personality.
The patriotic education of younger schoolchildren still retains its relevance, this is due, first of all, to the fact that the network contains a huge amount of negativity that undermines the innate faith and love for one's people.
That is why the school needs a mandatory program of patriotic education of younger students.
Patriotic education is an important stage in the formation of a citizen
Thanks to the introduction of patriotic education of junior schoolchildren, children form the right attitude towards their native country - the values and respect for important events of the past and the current achievements of our fellow citizens, an explanation of the concepts of virtue and evil, a formed idea of the significance of Russia and the value of this country. All these events will help to raise a young generation capable of performing a feat, ready to defend the interests of their own country.
Patriotism is characterized by the following features - religious tolerance, public obedience to the law, good attitude.
Patriotism is based on centuries-old traditions and numerous foundations of one's own country. The patriotic education of junior schoolchildren is not only a matter of school, there must be support and participation of the family of each student.
What is patriotism - definition
The goal of educating patriotism in the younger category of schoolchildren is to develop the following qualities in younger schoolchildren:
These are the most basic qualities that are formed in schoolchildren in the process of patriotic education.
Patriotic Education - Definition Some important features of the education of a sense of patriotism in the lower grades
For children aged 7 to 10, patriotism education should be carried out in a playful way during visits to interesting events that are understandable to schoolchildren of this age. Among the main events aimed at the formation of patriotism among younger students are thematic class hours, various business games, festive meetings with veterans, personal conversations, exciting quizzes, collective competitions, creative activities, field trips, various trips, acquaintance with an important historical past native land, unique traditions and customs of the Russian people.
An obligatory part of any school curriculum is military-patriotic education. Its main goal is to form a feeling of love for the Motherland, to form readiness for future military service - the upcoming defense of our country. Collective excursions to historical museums, thematic trips to places of military glory are effectively coping with the priority task. All these events help to familiarize schoolchildren with the common history of our country, its boundless spirituality.
Excursion to the museum - a method of studying military history Patriotic education should become part of the educational process, as well as firmly enter into extracurricular and extracurricular activities.
When solving the problem of patriotic education, any teacher needs to build his work on the basis of the following conditions and individual characteristics of younger students:
The system of moral values - a list of components As the main parameters of the success of the educational activities of each teacher, it is worth highlighting the social activity of younger students, their desire for constant self-improvement, a developing sense of self-worth, the presence of common moral qualities, an objective assessment of the child as a citizen, patriot.
As mentioned earlier, a huge role in instilling a sense of patriotism in a child belongs to his parents. Many moral qualities are laid down in children in elementary grades. Parents begin to lay the foundations of patriotism by awakening in the child a wonderful feeling of love for green trees, fragrant flowers, the surrounding nature, such a close and dear home. True love and devotion to the motherland begins in a child with manifestations of love for his mother, father, grandmother, a pleasant feeling of being needed, warm attitude and love, care with which he is surrounded.
Patriotic education begins from the first days at school The feeling of love for one's own people begins to form from love for the surrounding peers and adults.
Raising a sense of patriotism in children contributes to the formation of a correct civic position, a sense of love and respect for the older generation, so the importance of this aspect of personality development should not be underestimated. The participation in this process of the family where the child is brought up is also important, since in almost every family there are moments when their ancestors performed heroic deeds, serving and defending their homeland during the war. It is necessary to tell elementary school children more often about their famous great-grandmothers and great-grandfathers, about their contribution to the history of the Great Patriotic War, review military photographs together, study the full history of your own clan, this also contributes to the education of young patriots. The study of family letters and diaries gives children the opportunity to get in touch with the stories of their own family, to survive their difficult fate.
Raising patriotism is the importance Do not forget that the parents themselves are the most important example for their own children in any business, including in raising a sense of patriotism.
The main problem of educating patriotism among younger schoolchildren is that the general attention to patriotism as a manifestation of morality has significantly weakened in recent years. As a result, many young people developed a deficit of such important moral qualities as humanity, law-abiding collectivism, aimed at maintaining ties in many communities - from a narrow family circle to the state as a whole. One of the frequent manifestations of the spiritual emptiness of today's youth and the low level of culture is a sharp drop in the significance of patriotism as the defining values of our people. Now often there is an estrangement of the younger generation from the common national culture, from important socio-historical experience.
Directions of education of patriotism The modern problem of instilling a sense of patriotism among young people requires the introduction of a new ideology in educational and upbringing activities.
Patriotism is actually the power that is able to overthrow all obstacles in its path, declare our country to the whole world with deep respect. That is why one of the priority areas of educational work in the classroom is moral and patriotic education, the main goals of which are as follows:
Each teacher needs to take into account the main areas of work that is being done in the lower grades in order to form a sense of patriotism in them.
The school is educational work in the following areas:
Patriotic education after school hours An important source of accumulation of moral qualities is in the acquaintance of schoolchildren to the world around them. In addition to the school base, which helps to form a sense of patriotism in children, a huge contribution to the development of this quality is made by parental education, their values, which they seek to pass on to their children.
In childhood, in the process of interacting with others, the baby receives the necessary emotional experience. In such active contact, the basis for the more serious feelings of the child arises. The process of educating a young patriot begins with his favorite places - a sweet home, a native street where he lives.
To instill in your child a sense of pride in their native land, you can follow the following tips:
Studying the native land is an important element in fostering love for the Motherland Patriotism is a feeling very similar to affection, devotion and responsible attitude towards one's homeland. The goal of adults raising a child is to teach him at a young age to be attached to his native places, to show responsibility in his small deeds. Before the baby learns to empathize with the troubles and tasks of his homeland, he needs to instill a sense of empathy for his neighbors.
Enthusiastic feelings at the sight of the vastness of the country, the natural wealth of the child will manifest itself if he is taught to notice all the beauty around him.
That is why it is so important to teach a child to see all the charm of the surrounding places, their important sights, to note the natural beauty of the region in different seasons, to notice the characteristic features of the streets, this is the daily work of teachers and parents. By their attitude to what they see, they show a certain model, a true standard of citizenship.
Excursions to historical places cultivate respect for history If parents sincerely love their homeland, they are devoted to it, then they will be able to show the child all its attractiveness. In this case, you can be absolutely sure that they will be able to raise a real patriot. Moral and patriotic education is a rather complex pedagogical process where parents always need to lead by example. It is based on the development of important moral feelings.
The complex concept of "Motherland" includes all the surrounding living conditions: the occupied territory, climatic features, the general organization of social life, unique language features, but it is not limited to this either. A child’s sense of the Motherland begins with all that beauty that a child sincerely admires, which evokes a response in his heart.
Although he is not yet able to realize all these impressions, but, passing them through his own children's perception, they play an important role in the formation of a young patriot.
The study of national customs is an important part of the education of patriotism The spiritual and creative component of patriotism must be instilled in children from an early age. This is directly related to the spirituality of a person, its depth. It is necessary to acquaint the baby with folklore, features of national fine arts. It is national folklore that is a real storehouse of moral and cognitive development children. Also, do not forget about national festivals and customs, it is in them that numerous observations are concentrated on the subtle features of the natural seasons, general weather changes, the behavior of the surrounding birds, insects and plants. All these observations inevitably lead to work, because all this is learned in the process of vigorous activity.
In folklore, there is respect for human labor, admiration for the dexterity of human hands.
When children are introduced to national fairy tales, proverbs and unique riddles, they are introduced to universal moral values, which at the present time is of particular importance. The main task of every parent is to pass on these important values to their child, bringing up a real patriot in him.
2. Methodological aspect of the problem of patriotic education
Introduction
Patriotism is when you think that this country is better than all others because you were born here.
Bernard Show
The patriotic education of the younger generation has always been one of the most important tasks of the modern school, because childhood and youth are the most fertile time for instilling a sacred sense of love for the Motherland.
Patriotic education is understood as the gradual and steady formation of students' love for their homeland.
Patriotism is one of the most important features of a comprehensively developed personality. Primary schoolchildren should develop a sense of pride in their homeland and their people, respect for its great achievements and worthy pages of the past. Much is required of the school: its role in this regard cannot be overestimated.
Unfortunately, at the end of the last century, school patriotic education practically came to naught, as they say. Many factors have contributed to this in recent years: the intensified instillation of opinions in the media about the erroneous path of Russia's development, the absence of a common state, so to speak, basic ideology. In addition, the education of patriotism is hampered by the lack of methodological literature in which teachers could find recommendations and advice on this issue.
Their meaning lies in explaining the real concepts of good and evil, turning the consciousness of schoolchildren to the high ideals of national history and thereby creating in them independent ideas about the worthy global significance and self-worth of Russia. If the teacher in his daily work begins to regularly refer to the materials of the collection, then their use will allow raising a generation of people who are convinced, noble, ready for a feat, those who are usually called the short and capacious word "patriot".
The topic of the course work is relevant, because as schoolchildren grow up, as scientists and researchers note, the so-called “spring of heroism” (A. Ya. Brushtein) (cited by: Kozakova 2003) begins to form, no shame to state it, it most often remains unclaimed. On the other hand, the awakening forces of the growing organism can find their application in adhering to anti-social organizations, the flow of which is growing year by year.
The purpose of the work is to identify the methods and techniques used in educational work to form the patriotic consciousness of younger students.
Substantiate the tasks and principles of patriotic education;
To identify methods and techniques of patriotic education of younger students;
Show effective forms of patriot education in elementary school.
The object of the research is the process of patriotic education of junior schoolchildren.
The subject of the research is the pedagogical conditions of work on the patriotic education of younger schoolchildren.
Hypothesis: if you approach the work of patriotism education of younger students, then the process of education can be made more natural, effective. It can be assumed that if, on the basis of the basic program, a set of classes is developed aimed at improving the work on the patriotic education of schoolchildren, then the following results can be obtained:
Raise the level of development of schoolchildren;
Provide an integrated approach to the harmonious development of schoolchildren;
To increase the effectiveness of educating children's cognitive interest in their native land, in their country
Research methods:
The study of pedagogical and methodological literature on the research problem;
The work consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion, a list of references and an appendix.
1. Scientific foundations of patriotic education of younger students
1.1 The concept of "patriotism", "patriotic education"
In the context of the multinationality of the Russian state in the education system, the issues of educating the younger generation both a sense of respect for other peoples and a sense of love for the Motherland are becoming important. It should be noted that since the 90s of the 20th century, the younger generation of Russians has been in contact with new social mediators and realities. It no longer accepts the old foundations and values of the former social system, a new social type of personality has appeared. Under these conditions, it is important to establish a renewed system of patriotic education, formulate new tasks and increase the effectiveness of its forms and methods.
Political disintegration, social differentiation of society, devaluation of spiritual and moral values had a negative impact on the public consciousness of the majority of social and age groups of Russians, young people in the first place. The process of reducing the educational impact of Russian culture, art, education, which are important factors in the formation of patriotism, has intensified. Among the younger generation, the loss of traditional Russian patriotic consciousness has become more noticeable.
There has been a loss of ideological values, patriotic and international education are in the process of restructuring in the new socio-economic conditions.
The objective and subjective processes taking place in society have significantly exacerbated the national question. As a result, patriotism sometimes degenerates into nationalism, the true meaning and understanding of internationalism is lost.
Patriotism (Greek πατριώτης - compatriot, πατρίς - fatherland) is a moral and political principle, a social feeling, the content of which is love for the fatherland and the willingness to subordinate one's private interests to its interests (Solzhenitsyn 1996).
Patriotism implies pride in the achievements and culture of one's Motherland, the desire to preserve its character and cultural characteristics and identification with other members of the nation, the willingness to subordinate one's interests to the interests of the country, the desire to protect the interests of the Motherland and one's people.
The historical source of patriotism is the fixed existence of separate states for centuries and millennia, which formed attachment to their native land, language, and traditions. In the conditions of the formation of nations and the formation of national states, patriotism becomes an integral part of public consciousness, reflecting national moments in its development.
Attributing patriotic feelings to other persons, and to some events patriotic coloring, the evaluating person thereby most often gives a positive characteristic. The corresponding article in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron contains words about patriotism as a moral virtue. An example of public opinion polls shows that the majority of respondents support patriotic slogans.
Ideas about patriotism are associated with a reverent attitude towards their homeland, but the idea of the essence of patriotism in different people different. For this reason, some people consider themselves patriots, while others do not consider them as such. For example, on September 12, 2008, Archpriest of the Russian Orthodox Church Dimitry Smirnov gave the following definition to the Izvestia newspaper: "Patriotism is love for one's country, and not hatred for someone else." Among the theses of the interviewee: patriotism is not related to the attitude of a person to the policy of the state, patriotism cannot mean hatred for someone else, patriotism is cultivated with the help of religion, etc.
Patriotism is love for the Motherland, devotion to one's Fatherland, the desire to serve its interests and readiness, up to self-sacrifice, to protect it (Malgin 2006).
At the personal level, patriotism acts as the most important, stable characteristic of a person, expressed in his worldview, moral ideals, and norms of behavior.
At the macro level, patriotism is a significant part of public consciousness, manifested in collective moods, feelings, assessments, in relation to one's people, their way of life, history, culture, state, system of fundamental values.
Patriotism is manifested in the actions and activities of a person. Originating from love for one's small homeland, patriotic feelings, having gone through a number of stages on the way to their maturity, rise to a nationwide patriotic self-awareness, to a conscious love for one's Fatherland.
Patriotism is always concrete, directed at real objects. The active side of patriotism is decisive, it is she who is able to transform the sensual principle into deeds and deeds specific for the Fatherland and the state.
Patriotism is the moral basis of the viability of the state and acts as an important internal mobilizing resource for the development of society, an active civic position of the individual, her readiness for selfless service to her Fatherland. Patriotism as a social phenomenon is the cementing basis for the existence and development of any nation and statehood.
Patriotism harmoniously combines the best national traditions of the people with devotion to serving the Fatherland. Patriotism is inextricably linked with internationalism, alien to nationalism, separatism and cosmopolitanism.
Patriotism is a special orientation of self-realization and social behavior of citizens, the criteria for which are love and service to the Fatherland, ensuring the integrity and sovereignty of Russia, its national security, sustainable development, duty and responsibility, suggesting the priority of public and state principles over individual interests and aspirations and acting as the highest meaning of life and activity of the individual, all social groups and strata of society (Leontiev 2002).
Patriotism is a consciously and voluntarily accepted position of citizens, in which the priority of the public, state is not a limitation, but an incentive for individual freedom and a condition comprehensive development civil society (Savotina 2003). Such an understanding of patriotism is basic, and the Concept acts in this regard as a direction for the formation and implementation of this type of social behavior of citizens.
Patriotism is one of the most striking features of the Russian national character. Russian patriotism has its own characteristics. First of all, this is a high humanistic orientation of the Russian patriotic idea; religious tolerance; catholicity and law-abidingness; community as a stable inclination and need of Russians for collective life; special love for native nature.
Underestimation of patriotism as the most important component of public consciousness leads to a weakening of the socio-economic, spiritual and cultural foundations for the development of society and the state. This determines the priority of patriotic education in the general system of education of Russian citizens.
Patriotic education, being an integral part of the general educational process, is a systematic and purposeful activity of state authorities and public organizations to form citizens of a high patriotic consciousness, a sense of loyalty to their Fatherland, readiness to fulfill civic duty and constitutional obligations to protect the interests of the Motherland (Leontiev 2002 ).
As one of the types of multifaceted, large-scale and ongoing activities, patriotic education includes social, targeted, functional, organizational and other aspects, has high level complexity, that is, it covers all generations with its influence, permeates all aspects of life: socio-economic, political, spiritual, legal, pedagogical, relies on education, culture, history, state, ethnic groups. It is an integral part of the entire life of Russian society, its social and state institutions.
Patriotic education involves the formation of socially significant orientations among citizens, a harmonious combination of personal and public interests, overcoming processes and phenomena alien to society that destroy its foundations and potential for creation. The technology of patriotic education should be aimed at creating conditions for the national revival of Russia as a great power.
An integral part of patriotic education is military-patriotic education, aimed at developing readiness for military service as a special type of public service.
Military-patriotic education is characterized by a specific focus, a deep understanding by each citizen of his role and place in serving the Fatherland, high personal responsibility for fulfilling the requirements of military service, the conviction of the need to develop the necessary qualities and skills to perform military duty in the ranks of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and other troops. , military formations and bodies. The patriotic education of servicemen is organized and carried out within the framework of a unified system of military education of servicemen.
In the context of the fight against international terrorism, the patriotic education of citizens should be determined by the national interests of Russia and ensure the active participation of citizens in ensuring its security from external and internal threats.
The goal of patriotic education is the development in Russian society of high social activity, civic responsibility, spirituality, the formation of citizens with positive values and qualities, able to manifest them in the creative process in the interests of the Fatherland, strengthening the state, ensuring its vital interests and sustainable development (Efremova 2005 ).
On the present stage development of our society, the achievement of this goal of patriotic education is carried out through the solution of the following tasks:
Affirmation in society, in the minds and feelings of citizens of socially significant patriotic values, attitudes and beliefs, respect for the cultural and historical past of Russia, for traditions, increasing the prestige of state, especially military, service;
Creation and implementation of opportunities for more active involvement of citizens in solving socio-economic, cultural, legal, environmental and other problems;
Education of citizens in the spirit of respect for the Constitution of the Russian Federation, legality, norms of social and collective life, creation of conditions for ensuring the implementation of constitutional human rights and duties, civil, professional and military duty;
Instilling in citizens a sense of pride, deep respect and reverence for the symbols of the Russian Federation - the Coat of Arms, the Flag, the Anthem, other Russian symbols and historical shrines of the Fatherland;
Attraction of religious confessions, traditional for Russia, to form in citizens the need to serve the Motherland, to protect it as the highest spiritual duty;
Creation of conditions for strengthening the patriotic orientation of television, radio and other mass media when covering events and phenomena of public life, active opposition to anti-patriotism, manipulation of information, propaganda of mass culture based on the cult of violence, distortion and falsification of the history of the Fatherland;
Formation of racial, national, religious tolerance, development of friendly relations between nations.
The implementation of the tasks of patriotic education of citizens of the Russian Federation is carried out through more specific tasks, taking into account the specifics of the subjects and objects of education, the conditions in which it is carried out, the features of their solution in the economic, social, legal, political, spiritual and other spheres.
The tasks of patriotic education of younger students are:
1. Formation in children of a system of knowledge about their homeland, which can be represented as follows: natural history and geographical information (geographical features of the native land, climate, nature of the country), information about the life of their people (features of life, work, culture, traditions), social information (knowledge about the sights of the native city, capital, country, knowledge of the name of the country, its capital, other cities, state symbols), some historical information (about the life of the people in different historical periods, about the exploits of people during the Great Patriotic War, knowledge of historical city monuments, streets).
2. Education in younger students of interest in the world around them, emotional responsiveness to events in public life.
It involves the activation of the emotional sphere of the individual, the cultivation of such feelings as love for relatives and friends, hometown, respect for the history of the people, admiration for the works of folk art, love for nature, hatred for enemies.
3. Inclusion of children in practical activities to apply the acquired knowledge. It involves the formation of certain skills and abilities in younger students: the ability to reflect the accumulated knowledge in the game, artistic and labor activities, the ability to take part in socially oriented work, the ability to take care of nature, the results of the work of others, the ability to reflect knowledge in speech, communication with adults and peers.
Solving the tasks of patriotic education, each teacher must build his work in accordance with local conditions and characteristics of children, taking into account the following principles:
- "positive centrism" (selection of knowledge that is most relevant for a child of a given age);
Continuity and continuity of the pedagogical process;
A differentiated approach to each child, maximum consideration of his psychological characteristics, abilities and interests;
Rational combination different types activities, age-appropriate balance of intellectual, emotional and motor loads;
Activity approach;
The developmental nature of education based on children's activity.
Considering patriotism, it is necessary to dwell on the basic, deepest and most stable characteristics of this relationship between a person and a country (culture, nature, people), expressed in such concepts as "Fatherland" and "Motherland". Perhaps the triad: Society - Nature - Culture around a Person (pupil) is a very rich heuristic scheme.
The etymological analysis of the concepts of “genus”, “kinship”, “relatives” gives a semantic connection between the subject and other people on the following basis - proximity in common origin, in direct similarity (S. I. Ozhegov) (Cited by Lutovinov 1997). Hence, the attitude towards the Motherland is a connection of a person with a country, region, based on origin, direct similarity.
Of course, it is difficult to imagine that a person would look like a country; rather, we should talk about some characterological associative similarities: “broad Russian soul” - wide fields, “ Blue eyes"- bright blue rivers and lakes of the Motherland, unhurried Russian speech - slowly flowing rivers, etc.
A widely known quote by A.F. Losev, who considers the Motherland as “intimately intimate - our inner” (Cited by Kobylyansky 1998). So, one of the main components of patriotism is the identification of a person with images (country, people, culture) by belonging and similarity.
It is obvious that the word "Fatherland" comes from "father", at the same time, the phrase "Motherland - mother" is habitually trivial. Here it is advisable to pay attention to the specifics of parent-child relations, which can provide a key to understanding the essence of patriotism. On the one hand, there are subjective children's projections in patriotism:
Gratitude of children in relation to parents (for the birth into the world),
Opportunities for children to receive physical protection, moral support, advice in difficult times (a strong father is a protector, patron, mentor),
Opportunities for children to receive warmth, affection, the opportunity to be accepted, despite all the mistakes, insults, delusions (on the part of a loving mother).
On the other hand, within the framework of these relationships, children have the duty of caring for their parents in old age, illness, etc.
In this regard, we can state the second component of the relationship between the subject and the country, defined by him as the Motherland or Fatherland - a functional connection: the recipient of good is a debtor who realizes his patriotic duty.
On the basis of philosophical considerations, we should move on to psychological and pedagogical considerations and answer the question of what should be educated in the process of patriotic education, that is, what should we call what we are going to educate?
Due to the specifics of patriotism as "love for the Motherland (Fatherland)" - a purely emotional attitude, speaking about the main task of patriotic education, it seems to be the most adequate option to recognize the education of patriotic feelings. Such a formulation of the question does not at all exclude the need for personality-oriented information support for the education of patriotic feelings, the inclusion of pupils in certain types of activities. However, this should be discussed only in terms of means.
Express the subjective significance of a person's identification with a certain country, people, culture, nature based on origin and similarity;
They include emotionally colored representations (images of political, ethno-cultural, landscape phenomena and objects, their own actions in relation to the Fatherland;
Manifested in experiences that orient the subject to actions that benefit the Fatherland, to protect their homeland;
They act as regulators of specific actions in the life of the individual.
The essence of the upbringing of patriotic feelings is the emotional stimulation of the experiences of the subject of relations with his native country.
Among others, very effective means upbringing, symbolism is especially adequate. Most likely, the basis for this belief is such a formula that they love not for something, but in spite of everything. There is a lot of suggestive in the education of patriotic feelings.
In the education of patriotic feelings, the following groups of symbols can be used:
Verbal (slogan, name, name);
Subject (banner, uniform, badge);
Effective (rituals);
Musical (melodies, signals);
Fine (drawings).
The process of educating patriotic feelings among students should be built as a pedagogical stimulation of the experiences of the subject of origin and their own similarity in relation to the country, introducing a patriotic context into the totality of roles, situations, norms and rules of behavior and activities of pupils. The success of the education of patriotic feelings of younger students when using symbols depends on:
A special property of the content and form of symbols is the ability to form semantic associative connections, which K. Levin called "valency" (Cited by: Mazykina, Monakhov 2004);
The specific order of presentation of symbols is a combination and alternation of direct and indirect, individual and public, organized and spontaneous, continuous and discrete, everyday and eventful semantic influences, which can be interpreted in accordance with the works of L. I. Novikova as ambivalence.
For state educational institutions, it is quite clear that the customer of patriotic education is the state. Educators, to some extent, understanding the need for patriotism as a value that ensures adaptation, can also introduce this direction into their activities. In any case, the contextual correspondence of patriotic education to the entire system of education of an educational institution is extremely important.
1.3 Forms of patriotic education
Patriotic education of junior schoolchildren is one of the main tasks of an educational institution. This is a complex educational process. It is based on the development of moral feelings.
Patriotic education of younger children school age- this is a purposeful process of pedagogical influence on the child's personality in order to enrich his knowledge of the Motherland, the upbringing of patriotic feelings, the formation of skills and abilities of moral behavior, the development of the need for activities for the common good (Agapova, Davydova 2002).
The period of primary school age according to their psychological characteristics the most favorable for the education of patriotism, since the younger student responds with confidence to an adult, he is characterized by imitation, suggestibility, emotional responsiveness, sincerity of feelings. Knowledge, impressions experienced in childhood remain with a person for life.
L. N. Tolstoy, K. D. Ushinsky, E. I. Vodovozova believed that it was necessary to start educating children with patriotism with preschool age. The idea of nationality was the central idea of upbringing (Quoted in: Adamenko 2005).
According to the theory of K. Marx and F. Engels, patriotism has a class character. The education of patriotism was identified with the education of attitudes towards the state system.
In the 60-70s. In the 20th century, the understanding of patriotism began to be regarded as an integral part of the concept of morality. The main emphasis is on the child's knowledge of his country. At this time, there are studies that relied on the emotional sphere of the child.
The Concept of Patriotic Education of Citizens of the Russian Federation emphasizes the need to organize special work in the school institution for the patriotic education of children, taking into account their age characteristics, national culture and traditions of the people.
The peculiarity of the manifestation and features of the formation of patriotism among younger students. The basic stage in the formation of patriotism in children should be considered the accumulation by the child of the social experience of life in his Fatherland and the assimilation of the norms of behavior and relationships adopted in it.
The concept of patriotism includes cognitive (knowledge, ideas), emotional (feelings) and behavioral (skills, skills) components that are implemented in the sphere of society and nature.
The cognitive component provides the content of the work on patriotic education.
Behavioral - performs a diagnostic function.
The emotional component is leading at this age.
Feelings play a certain role in the patriotic upbringing of children, but the moral feelings of preschoolers are concrete, insufficiently strong and stable.
In the younger student, ideas expand gradually. The system of generalized knowledge about the phenomena of social life is formed only by the end of grades 1-2. This is facilitated by children's mastery of moral judgments, assessments, concepts, as well as cognitive interest in the world around them.
A characteristic feature of the education of patriotism in children is the fusion of moral feelings and knowledge.
Knowledge only then has an impact on moral development child when they are colored by feelings and experiences. A feature of the manifestation of patriotism among preschoolers is that moral experience is limited by the scope of the practical activities in which they are included (communication with children and adults, work).
At primary school age, the formation of will, moral ideals, important for patriotic education, is just beginning.
2. Methodological aspect of the problem of patriotic education
2.1 Development of a plan for patriotic education for students in grade 1
patriotic education junior schoolboy
The development of society, its well-being and prosperity, spiritual and moral culture largely depend on the purpose and content of education. One of the most important institutions that carry out educational work and patriotic education in particular, at all times has been and remains the school. The goals, content, methods of educating patriotism are changing, but this process itself has always been present in the activities of educational institutions of various types, and this is quite natural, since the school is also called upon to deal with the tasks of education along with the family, the media, and public associations.
It is necessary to focus on the process of educating patriotism at school, that is, in institutions of general secondary education. It is at school that the child spends the most time, and holistic, consistent educational work in it is designed to ensure high efficiency in the implementation of the social functions of young students, which is the most important factor in the sustainable development of society and the successful solution of the tasks facing the state. The absence or insufficient work with children hinders the socialization of young people and the formation of morally and politically literate citizens.
In institutions of general secondary education, patriotic education is one of the directions of the spiritual and moral formation of the civic qualities of the individual, attitudes-ideas of serving the Fatherland, its protection.
In the process of education, it is very important to take into account age characteristics. For primary school students, teachers form ideas about a person as the main value of society, give them basic information about the Constitution, human and child rights.
An important role is played by the formation of the concept of one's small homeland (city, street, school), family, one's ancestry, as well as teaching children the culture of communication. For middle school students younger age basic ideas are formed about the "big" and "small" societies, their place in them.
In the future, a special role for schoolchildren is played by a practical orientation in the community, its orientation towards socially useful deeds, the participation of children in the development and practical implementation of their own social projects, charity events, and search work.
An important criterion for the effectiveness of civil-patriotic education, as shown by the experience of many years of activity, is personal growth every child, teenager, young man, a positive system of his attitude to the world.
Indicators of the success of the educational activities of the teacher are the activity of pupils, self-discipline, dignity and desire for self-improvement, a developed sense of dignity, the presence of a set of moral qualities, awareness and objective self-assessment by the child of his I as a citizen, patriot, Man.
The conceptual and program documents that determine the development of the national education system provide for the creation of an effective system of patriotic, civic, spiritual and moral education.
Patriotic education at school should be carried out both in the learning process and in extracurricular and extracurricular activities, since this process involves the widespread use of the possibilities of academic disciplines and the inclusion of children in various types of socially significant activities, since the content of patriotism as a feeling of love for children is revealed in school years. Motherland, concern for its interests, readiness to protect it from enemies.
Patriotism as a universal human value for each particular student can manifest itself in a sense of pride in the achievements of their native country, bitterness for its failures and misfortunes. It is important to instill in younger students respect for the historical past of their people, careful attitude to the people's memory, national cultural traditions, to those people who enriched the national and universal culture with their creativity.
Patriotic education in educational institutions should be systematic. In its process, various means and methods of updating historical memory, objects of patriotic pride are used. The complex of tasks of patriotic education includes the formation of a respectful attitude towards the symbols of the sovereignty of the people and the state - the state flag, coat of arms, anthem.
Today, society is especially concerned about the problem of educating young people in the spirit of patriotism, and the presence of this problem has led to an intensive search for ways to solve it.
Evidence of this is that the state pays serious attention to the formation of patriotism among schoolchildren; which is reflected in a number of norms and legislative systems.
The student asset, with the participation of the school administration, determines the content of the work, which includes the following components:
Cultural and patriotic;
Civil patriotic;
Heroic-patriotic;
Sports and patriotic;
Military patriotic.
The teacher develops a plan for patriotic education, as a rule, for the academic year.
Cultural and patriotic education
An ethnographic museum, a literary or musical living room, an interest club can become the center of cultural and patriotic education. In Kamyshin, this is, for example, the Kamyshinsky Local History Museum or the Drama Theater.
Here students are introduced to spiritual and cultural values, national traditions, love and interest in the language and culture of the country, region, city are instilled. It can be:
Excursions around the native land;
Visiting performances, exhibitions, museums;
Issue of a wall newspaper;
Circles of art, arts and crafts;
Student Theatre;
Amateur art competitions;
Meetings with figures of art and culture, local poets, artists;
Thematic educational hours, evenings.
It is impossible to be limited only by the culture and art of Russia, it is necessary to show its place among the world culture.
Instilling interest in the native language and culture is carried out with the help of:
Issue of wall newspapers dedicated to the native land;
Excursions to interesting places in the region associated with the names of figures of literature and art;
Excursions to museums;
Creation and expansion of the base of school ethnographic museums;
Visits to exhibitions and exhibition pavilions;
Tourist trips to historical places;
Essay writing;
Circles of art and arts and crafts;
Competitions of readers, amateur performances; theater studios, circles.
Civic-patriotic education involves:
The study of the main provisions of the Constitution against the background of the historical development of industry, agriculture, science, culture;
Acquaintance with the issues of state and public life of the country.
The civic-patriotic upbringing of youth forms not just a law-abiding citizen, a person who consciously and actively fulfills his civic duty. It involves instilling respect for state symbols, the heroic and historical past, the culture of one's people, love for the native language, the beauties of native nature, contains environmental education contributes to the unity of all citizens of the republic.
Lesson work. Work on civil-patriotic education, first of all, is carried out at the lessons of social disciplines, the Russian language and literature, pre-conscription training, physical education.
Lessons of social disciplines: the Constitution is being studied, conditions are being created for democracy and civil harmony, free, worthy development of the individual; respect for state symbols is instilled; a sense of pride in one's country and readiness to fulfill the social role of a citizen.
Lessons of the Russian language and literature instill love and respect for the native language, literature, culture, nature, people living on this land, the need to protect and decorate the native land.
Lessons of pre-conscription training and physical education form the moral, psychological and physical readiness to fulfill the constitutional obligation to protect the Fatherland, cultivate respect for the Armed Forces, for the defender of the Fatherland.
Extracurricular and extracurricular work. Information hours: students are convinced of the need for peace and international cooperation for Russia.
Months of legal knowledge can be held:
Studying the constitution of the Russian Federation;
A series of lectures that develop students' political self-awareness;
The work of the film lecture hall "The Child and the Law", "The Teenager and the Law";
Meetings with law enforcement officials;
The work of the circle of legal knowledge ("Lawyer", "Law and you", etc.);
Competition of creative works;
Conversations “Can you communicate?”, “Learn to be modern and moral”, “Me and my contemporaries”, etc.;
disputes;
2. Student self-government. Self-government bodies play an important role in organizing ideological work.
The school council and the parent council, other bodies of student self-government form leadership skills, a stable conscious attitude towards the team, to the fulfillment of their duties in relation to other members of the team.
Heroic-patriotic education is the education of love for one's Motherland, respect for its Armed Forces, defenders of the Fatherland on the basis of the heroic past of one's people. The center of work on heroic-patriotic education can be a museum of military (labor) glory (lecturers and search groups should work here). In the work of the museum, you can use a variety of forms:
Organization of trips and excursions in order to replenish the fund of the museum;
Holding thematic exhibitions;
Preparation and holding of conferences;
Honoring the winners of competitions;
History lessons;
Meetings with veterans of war and labor, graduates, former teachers of the school.
Work in this area may include the following:
1. The work of a detachment that provides assistance to war and labor veterans.
2. The work of the search team (here it is not necessary to look for abandoned burials; searching for historical information about the native land, compiling the history of the native city, native village, writing essays, abstracts, compiling photographic documents, annals, etc. - forms of search work).
3. Conducting meetings with veterans and their relatives, lessons of courage.
4. Carrying out thematic evenings, exhibitions, competitions of poems, songs; tourist trips, motorcycle and bicycle trips to places of military glory.
5. Work on maintaining the proper form of burial places ("Help the monuments").
6. Various quizzes, olympiads, competitions, scientific conferences - something that can be used in the classroom and in subject weeks.
7. It is advisable to conduct integrated lessons (the history of Russia, world history, literature, pre-conscription training can be combined by the topics: “They liberated ...”, “The Great Patriotic War in the history and fate of people”, “Restoration of the national economy of the USSR in the post-war years”, “ Afghanistan is our memory and pain”, etc.).
Military-patriotic education is the education of love for the Motherland, the formation of moral, psychological and physical readiness to fulfill the Constitutional duty to protect the Fatherland. Teachers of pre-conscription training work closely with teachers of social disciplines, museums of military glory, and societies for the assistance of the army.
Students can study the articles of the Constitution on the defense of the Fatherland and the Law on military duty, organize trips to places of military glory, talks, lectures on the history of the Armed Forces of Russia, the USSR, and the exploits of the Russian people.
To solve the problems of civic-patriotic education, teachers can organize the following events: holding an action of mercy on the Day of the Elderly, holding a labor holiday "For you, dear school", "Addresses of care" (patronage of veterans and the elderly), participation in local history expeditions "Our land", participation in the quiz game "My hometown", etc.
The most tangible results in solving problems of the heroic-patriotic direction are brought by meetings with veterans of the Great Patriotic War.
One of the most convincing methods of educating civic feelings is to familiarize students with invaluable documents - letters, diaries, memoirs of participants in certain events. These testimonies convey the innermost thoughts of people, their feelings, experiences, hopes, they have an effective influence on today's youth. Therefore, when conducting an educational hour, for example, a round table "Front letter", you can use local history material - letters from the front, from partisan detachments, written during the Great Patriotic War.
One of the most serious relationship in the school to organize sporting events. The sports and patriotic direction includes: participation in city, district and regional competitions, holding school competitions throughout the year.
Also, the school should sports holidays like "Mom, dad, I'm a sports family." Montesquieu, on this occasion, has very true words: “... the best way to instill love for the Fatherland is for their fathers to have this love” (Quoted from: Mazykina N.V., Monakhov 2004). Work with the family occupies one of the main places in the system of patriotic education at school.
Patriotism, according to Methodists, is a deep awareness of one's inseparability with the Fatherland, not only in its historical, cultural and territorial aspect, but also in inseparable involvement with its nature.
Also, for the education of patriotism in the work, you can use folk themes: folklore, folk poetry, fairy tales, epics, phraseology and vocabulary of the native language, a variety of types of arts and crafts, folk rituals and traditions, i.e. all those spiritual values that are rich in our great Motherland, which is the core of the national character. At first, this work can be carried out in the classroom, then through a folklore circle, through elective courses in aesthetics.
One of the goals of such classes is to reveal to children the meaning of the concept of "small Motherland".
The lessons include works by such great composers as M. I. Glinka, P. I. Tchaikovsky, bell chimes, fragments of sacred music, Russian folk songs, poems about Russia. Then the work on Russian subjects deepens and expands. Students meet folk craftsmen. Lessons are conducted in an entertaining way. More historical material is included in the content of the lessons.
Be sure that students get acquainted with the traditions, rituals, traditions of their people (after all, each nation is rich in its own national characteristics), they talk about ancient Russian cities, about their hometown. Outside school hours, various holidays and excursions are held. For example, "Russian Matryoshka Holiday" or "Russian Forest".
Interesting and informative meetings with famous people of their region. So, writers, museum workers can be invited to the school. Together with the craftsmen, conduct classes where schoolchildren will get to know and learn how to make, make all kinds of national clay products.
You can conduct a lesson unusual at first glance "Native Side". The lesson is always preceded by a walk through the streets, where there are old buildings. Students will be surprised to rediscover the beauty of these houses. After the tour, you can work on creating an image of the house; make it out of paper, draw it - it will remain in children's memory for a long time.
In the work it is necessary to use the interaction of three types of art - words, painting, music, which shows how the same phenomenon is depicted by different craftsmen.
Working in this direction, we can say with confidence that students will study material related to folk culture with interest, especially when they themselves are participants in the creative process. Their cultural level is rising, there is a need to obtain new knowledge about the Motherland, about folk traditions. All this is very important for the formation of patriots, worthy citizens of their Fatherland.
Conclusion
Raising a patriot of one's Motherland is a responsible and difficult task, the solution of which is just beginning in preschool childhood. Planned, systematic work, the use of various means of education, common efforts kindergarten and families, the responsibility of adults for their words and deeds can give positive results and become the basis for further work on patriotic education.
However, one should not expect “adult forms” from children to show love for the Motherland. But if as a result pedagogical work the child will have knowledge about the name of the country, its geography, nature, symbolism, if he knows the names of one of those who glorified our homeland, if he shows interest in the acquired knowledge, read poetry, sing songs, then we can assume that the task was completed within the limits accessible to preschool age.
It is possible that, thanks to the activities implemented in the school environment, schoolchildren who have become adults, depending on their field of activity and social status, will try to do everything in their own power to preserve Russia's natural resources.
But the symbols of Russia are not only the white birch and the mighty oak. For our country, many more wonderful features are considered characteristic - from Russian heroes and beauties to national cuisine and art crafts.
Of course, it is impossible to cover the entire history and traditions in one event. But it is possible and necessary to talk about the most valuable, striking and noticeable phenomena and events all over the world, recognized as typical only for Russia.
And, if a child takes care of his national symbols from childhood, then with more confidence we can say that he will become a patriot of his country.
Educational work in the classroom will give noticeable results if it is part of the entire work of the school in the patriotic education of children; if it will become more complicated in terms of content and implementation methods from class to class.
Appendix A shows an exemplary Patriotic Education Plan for Grade 1 students.
A concrete understanding of the role and place of native nature in the life of society and the fate of the Fatherland is manifested in each of us in a personal interested, indifferent attitude towards it. Children are brought up to care for the natural treasures that we have inherited. Development of teaching and educational tools used in communication with schoolchildren to form their views and beliefs on the conservation and reproduction of natural resources.
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Annex A
Patriotic Education Plan for Grade 1 Students
| Month |
holding |
Name of the event | Completion mark |
| September | Parent meeting | Conversation with parents about the importance of patriotic education of children, the forms and direction of its implementation | |
| October | Competition | Exhibition of crafts natural material"Gold autumn" | |
| November | Competition | Drawing competition for children of the first grades "These three white horses - December, January and February!" | |
| December | Conversations | Month of legal knowledge dedicated to the day of the Constitution of Russia - December 12 | |
| January | Conversation | Meeting with veterans of the Great Patriotic War dedicated to the anniversary of the Battle of Stalingrad | |
| February | Conversation | Conversation with representatives of the military unit dedicated to the Defender of the Fatherland Day | |
| April | Collective visit | Visit to the Kamyshinsky Museum of Local History | |
| May | Conversation | Meeting with veterans of the Great Patriotic War, dedicated to the anniversary of the Victory Soviet people in WWII |
Suggestion, suggestive state - the same as suggestion: (psychol.) influence on a person, leading either to the appearance in a person, in addition to his will and consciousness, of a certain state, feeling, attitude, or to a person committing an act that does not directly follow from the norms he accepts and operating principles; (med.) method of psychotherapy - a targeted verbal impact on the psyche of a patient with a therapeutic purpose (Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron 2001)
The concept of patriotic education of citizens of the Russian Federation. Approved at a meeting of the Government Commission on social issues of military personnel, citizens discharged from military service, and members of their families, protocol No. 2 (12) -P4 dated May 21, 2003.
