burns and frostbite often occur in peacetime as domestic and professional damage or as a result of terrorist attacks. They are united by damage to the skin, loss of skin functions (barrier, protective, sweating, respiratory, excretory, bactericidal, the formation of biologically active substances). Local changes are always combined with the general reaction of the body, since all organs and systems participate in the pathological process. Therefore, it is more correct to speak of burn disease, which develops with extensive or deep burns. The development of the disease is affected by the condition of the victim before the burn (illness, starvation, cooling, overwork, stress, etc.). It is more severe in children and the elderly. The area of the lesion is important (more than 10% of the burn leads to a burn disease, more than 50% often ends in death), localization (the neck, perineum and other painful surfaces are more dangerous), the depth of the lesion, etc. There are burns in depth four degrees:
I degree- pain, redness, slight swelling of the skin. It passes without consequences, since there is no tissue necrosis.
II degree- necrosis of the epidermis, which exfoliates, transparent blisters form, with suppuration - scars. Passes in 1.5–2 weeks with proper treatment.
III degree - mild: the epidermis, papillary and partially germ layers perish. Heals scars. Heavy: necrosis of all layers of the skin. Rough scars are formed, the function of the skin is sharply disturbed and internal organs.
IV degree- the death of all skin and underlying tissues. Healing does not occur, are performed plastic surgery skin grafting (auto- or homoplasty).
Causes of burns: flame, hot liquid, steam, molten metal, chemicals, electric current, light and radiation energy. The most severe are burns from napalm Because this substance sticks to the skin, deep lesions form. The tissue temperature reaches 1500–2000 °C. Light a burn occurs in a nuclear explosion. The fireball, its light, creates light, infrared and ultraviolet rays. Such burns are more often II and III degrees and are turned to the ball according to localization on the body. Radiation burns develop from contact with the skin of radioactive substances; skin protein degenerates. At the III degree, all tissues are affected, as with a thermal burn of the IV degree. Healing occurs with rough scars. These burns do not appear immediately, but after 15-20 days. Complications of radiation burns are ulcerative lesions and malignant tumors of the skin.
The severity of the burn depends on: area, depth, its localization. The area of the burn is determined palm method(the palm area of the victim is on average 1%) and method of "nine":(hands conventionally make up 9% each, legs - 18% each, head, neck - 9%, torso back and front - 18% each, crotch - 1%, hand - 1%). With a large burn area, plasma is lost through the wound surface, the blood thickens, and hypoxia is possible. Urine excretion decreases or stops, acute renal failure is possible. The functions of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, possible congestive pneumonia, constipation. Motor mode is strict bed to reduce tissue tension.
Burn disease occurs in four stages.
Stage I - burn shock. Lasts 2-7 days. It is conditionally divided into two substages: excitation and inhibition.
II stage- accession of a purulent infection, heat blood poisoning (sepsis). The loss of protein through the wound, blood loss increases, blood flow is disturbed. Severe pain is typical. Is running out nervous system, mental disorders, hallucinations are possible. Burns of the trunk reduce the mobility of the chest, shortness of breath, pleurisy, hepatitis, ulcerative processes are possible.
III stage. After 1.5–2 months, burn exhaustion develops: weight loss up to 70%, bedsores, edema, secondary anemia, diarrhea. Degeneration of all tissues of the body, including the myocardium, develops. Rejection of dead tissues is complicated by bleeding.
IV stage. If the exhaustion is insignificant, then recovery occurs, if severe, then, as a rule, death occurs. It is also possible in I, II and III stages. For prevention, surgical treatment with skin grafting is necessary.
In burn disease, the formation pain reflex contractures. Muscles atrophy, their tone drops, even in healthy tissues. Burns in the area of the joints give external articular adhesions and adhesions of tissues around the joints, movements are limited, there may be dislocations, rarefaction of bone tissue (osteoporosis), subluxations, pathological fractures, neuritis, paresis. May occur complications: burn scars, adhesions, deformation of the affected area, long-lasting changes in the functional state of internal organs and systems, disability of the victims.
Treatment: limited motor regime, open or closed wound treatment, physiotherapy, antibiotics, blood transfusion or blood-substituting fluids, diet, transplantation of one's own or donor skin.
For local burns (for example, limbs), massage is recommended. Healthy tissues are massaged from the first days of the burn. If there are scars after the burn, then stretching exercises are included. The task of massage is to improve blood and lymph flow, tissue metabolism; softening of the scar (scars), giving them elasticity, mobility, restoring the function of the limb.
The massage technique is as follows: massage of healthy tissues is carried out, in the presence of scars, their rubbing, stretching, shifting is provided. If there is no tissue damage on the back, then segmental massage techniques are used. The duration of the massage is 5-10 minutes. Course - 15-20 procedures.
frostbite- a pathological condition of a prolonged decrease in tissue temperature under the influence of cold. According to statistics, mortality in winter reaches 16%. Damage is possible on any part of the body, but more often develops on the end parts of the body (limbs, nose, ears, feet). With frostbite, blood flow is disturbed and tissue hypoxia occurs due to vasospasm, metabolic processes decrease.
Distinguish four degrees of frostbite:
I degree- a slight decrease in tissue temperature, cyanosis (cyanosis) of the skin, marbling, swelling.
II degree- characterized by the appearance of bubbles with transparent contents. The growth layer of the skin is not damaged, scars do not develop.
III degree- necrosis of the entire skin. Bubbles with bloody contents. The skin dies, rough scars form.
IV degree- the death of the skin and tissues to the bones. With this degree, treatment is usually surgical (skin grafting).
There are two periods of frostbite: hidden(no signs of damage) and jet period(in warm conditions, local and general changes appear). If the body temperature drops to 30–26 ° C, this is a general freezing: all functions are reduced, loss of consciousness. With a decrease in tissue temperature to 24–25 °, a fatal outcome is possible. Emergency care consists in the gradual warming of the tissues.
Complications: damage to the joints, nerve trunks and internal organs.
exercise therapy shown to all patients, regardless of the severity and area of the lesion. Contraindications temporary: shock, deep damage near large joints, nerve and vascular trunks, severe complications from the internal organs. After leaving these states, only special exercises are performed, and general developmental exercises are performed at a minimum dosage.
Exercise therapy often rehabilitates by the mechanism toning organism. A combination of local and general impact is mandatory. After burn shock, ORU with a minimum load, breathing exercises are recommended. Very carefully, active movements are performed in the burn area, as they stimulate the work of the heart due to the motor-cardiac reflex, which is undesirable in case of burn disease. Breathing exercises combined with the movement of the abdominal wall reduce the risk of constipation and prevent the development of pneumonia. In addition, physical exercise stimulates the tone of the cerebral cortex, reduces shock inhibition and the risk of contractures due to low-volume movements in the burn area. At severe shock Only breathing exercises are allowed.
In II period disease, special breathing exercises are allowed to prevent pneumonia.
With the acute development of complications (damage to the liver, kidneys), exercise therapy is canceled. Special exercises in the burn area are aimed at maintaining mobility in the joint area and accelerating the healing of burn wounds (they are canceled in a general threatening condition).
AT III period Exercise therapy is carried out to prevent hypodynamia in unaffected areas. The load depends on the degree of general exhaustion of the body, but exercise therapy is always carried out, only the magnitude of the load changes.
AT IV period Exercise therapy is aimed at the formation of compensation, adaptation to everyday and professional workload. The load increases gradually.
burns I degree require exercise therapy.
For burns II degree exercises are performed to increase skin elasticity, to increase mobility in the joints after tissue epithelization; III and IV degree- ORU, special exercises to increase the elasticity and mobility of tissues and joints.
If surgical treatment is indicated, then exercise therapy is carried out both before and after surgery. Before surgery: ORU and preparation of tissues surrounding the affected area for surgery. After operation: active movements on the muscle areas located above and below the operational field. Active movements in the burn area (especially with plastic surgery) should be started no earlier than the 8-10th day. After the operation, tissue immobilization is mandatory, but exercise therapy is required. Deep damage, contractures require long-term development. After the procedure of therapeutic exercises, treatment with a position (on rollers, tires, pillows, loops) is recommended to maintain the achieved effect. In the process of physical rehabilitation, ideomotor exercises are widely used, for stretching, for relaxation; in the last period - on posture, applied, sports.
A feature of exercise therapy are exercises with local and dosed muscle tension, which reduce the percentage of complications at the site of the burn, form a scar, and reduce adhesions. Active exercises in the burn area are performed to mild pain (these are stretching exercises, with resistance, with projectiles (sponges, expanders). Before active exercises, passive and exercises are performed in sending impulses to the patients themselves to mild pain. Applied exercises include: dressing, undressing , combing, sewing, writing, drawing, crawling.The execution time ranges from 3–5 to 40 minutes. The exercise therapy technique also depends from localization burns.
On the chest: the scar reduces the mobility of the chest, tissue hypoxia develops. From the first days, breathing exercises are necessary. Compensation is due to diaphragmatic breathing (in the position of bending the legs at the knee joints), exercises are performed with an extended exhalation.
On the hand: contrast flexion at the elbow, adduction at the shoulder joint. Early active movements with a large amplitude and stretching exercises are recommended. Exercises with objects of different shapes, materials, hardness, as well as for the development of household skills are aimed at restoring sensitivity.
Leg burns: due to pain, tissue tension decreases, it is difficult to walk, there may be subluxations, swelling of the legs when walking, tingling (exercises with crutches, swings against the wall, climbing the wall, stepping over objects).
With frostbite, the main tasks for restoring the body are as follows: increasing the general tone, preventing local complications and from the internal organs, improving tissue nutrition, motor functions, accelerating the separation of living tissues from damaged ones, and reducing edema.
As part of the provision of first aid, it is necessary to carry out an urgent gradual warming of the tissues (hot drink, bath, heating pads). Massage is done with great care due to possible injury to damaged tissues.
The exercise therapy technique is similar to burns. Possible prosthetics after amputation. Preparation for it is carried out with the help of exercise therapy: exercises with objects made of plastic, wood, metal; smooth surfaces and rough surfaces restore sensitivity better. Exercise therapy is used in combination with physiotherapy, massage, hardening. Changes in deep tissues last a long time, exercise therapy is performed until a complete cure.
Massage for frostbite. With local frostbite, healthy tissues are massaged. After regeneration of the skin, the frostbitten surface, scars are massaged. With frostbite of the fingers, a segmental-reflex massage is performed. In case of frostbite of the fingers, the cervicothoracic spine is massaged, then the shoulder and forearm, the toes - the lumbar spine, gluteal muscles, thighs, shins and abdomen. Techniques are excluded: chopping, tapping. The duration of the massage is 5-15 minutes, depending on the location and area of frostbite. Course - 15-20 procedures. With a small area of frostbite (especially if they are localized on the periphery), massage with brushes in the bath (pool) is indicated or manual massage in the bath (water temperature 32–36 °C).
Innovative exercise therapy complex for body burns (first period)
I. p.- Lying on your back.
1. Slow flexion and extension (alternate and simultaneous) of the fingers 3-4 times for each movement. Breathing is free.
2. Alternate and simultaneous flexion and extension in the ankle joints. Repeat 6-8 times. Breathing is free.
3. Diaphragmatic breathing 30 s.
4. Take the arms and legs bent at the elbows, bent at the knee joints, to the sides, perform 2–4 slow deep breaths and exhale, return to and. P. Repeat 3-4 times.
5. Take a deep breath, while holding your breath (2-3 s) raise your head; return to and. P., free breathing - 4–6 s. Repeat 3-4 times.
6. Head turns to the right and to the left 4-6 times. Breathing is free.
7. Hands lie on the bed, laid aside. Deep chest breathing with prolonged exhalation. 8-12 times.
8. Alternate and sequential-simultaneous flexion and extension of the legs in the ankle, knee and hip joints. Repeat 6-8 times. Breathing is free.
9. Alternate and simultaneous alternation of raising and lowering straight arms up. Breathing is arbitrary. Repeat 6-8 times.
10. Diaphragmatic breathing. 30 s.
11. Arms bent at the elbow joints. Active alternate flexion and extension of the fingers 6-8 times. Next - simultaneous active sequential flexion-extension of the fingers and forearms. Repeat 4-6 times. Breathing is free.
12. Free (thoracic and diaphragmatic) breathing with extended expiration 30 s.
13. Raise the right shoulder from the bed, touch the left shoulder with the right hand, turn the head to the left - exhale, and. P.- breath. The same on the left side. Repeat 8-10 times.
14. Circular (unidirectional and multidirectional) movements in the ankle joints inward and outward 8-12 times. Breathing is free.
15. Diaphragmatic breathing. 30 s.
Innovative exercise therapy complex for burns of the upper limbs (second period)
I. p.- Lying on your back. Breathing is free.
1. Easy flexion, extension and rotation of healthy limbs in various joints. 10–15 s.
2. Simultaneous sequential flexion and extension of the fingers and forearms of both hands. Repeat 5-6 times.
3. Flexion, extension of the diseased arm in the elbow joint with the help of a healthy one. Repeat 6-8 times.
4. Alternate (3-4 times for each leg) and simultaneous (3-4 times) abduction and adduction of straight legs. Breathing is free.
5. Chest breathing, bending on inspiration. 5–6 times.
6. Alternate (5-6 times for each hand) and simultaneous (6-8 times) flexion and extension of the arms in the elbow joints. 5–6 times.
7. Alternately raising and lowering straight legs. 5-7 times.
8. "Walking" lying down (with flexion at the moment of bringing the leg forward) and extension (when returning to and. P.) stop. Run 6-8 times.
9. Abduction of straight arms to the sides with flexion, extension and rotation of the hands. 4-7 times with each hand.
10. Contrasting (successive, starting with the thumb) and simultaneous fingers. 6-10 times.
11. Flexion and extension of the fingers. 10-12 times.
12. Raising the pelvis based on the feet, head and good hand. 4-6 times.
13. Arms bent at the elbows. Alternate and simultaneous circular movements in the wrist joints in both directions. 4-6 times in each direction.
14. Meditative diaphragmatic breathing. 20–25 s.
15. Arms bent at the elbows, supination and pronation of the forearms and straight arms. 5-6 times with each hand.
16. Lying on a healthy side, abduction of the arm - inhale; and. P- exhale. 5-7 times. Further, the same with the connection of the movement of the foot of the same name. 5–6 times.
17. Dosed (simultaneous 4–6 times) and sequential (6–8 times) raising and lowering the shoulder girdle. Breathing is free.
18. Meditative breathing of a mixed type with an extended exhalation. 40 s. It is possible to use the exercises listed in the complex for burns of the lower extremities.
Innovative exercise therapy with children preschool age on bed rest with deep burns of the lower extremities (in the postoperative period)
1. I. p.- Lying on your back. Bend your elbows, squeezing your fingers; unfold your arms, unclench your fingers. 5–6 times. Breathing is free.
2. I. p.- too. Raise the chest, leaning on the elbows and head - inhale; lower the chest - exhale. 3-4 times. The pace is slow.
3. I. p.- too. Flexion of the toes, extension of the toes. 5–6 times. The pace is average. Breathing is free.
4. I. p.- too. Circular movements of the feet outward - 5-7 s, the same inward - 5-7 s; relaxation 8-10 s. Perform slowly, with a large amplitude. Repeat 3-4 times.
5. I. p.- too. Meditative diaphragmatic breathing, placing the left hand on the chest, the right hand on the stomach. 20–25 s. The pace is average.
6. I. p.- too. Bend the right leg, pressing it to the chest - exhale; straighten - inhale; the same left; return to and. P. Perform at an average pace, sliding your heel along the bed. Repeat 6-7 times.
7. I. p.- too. Meditative simultaneous flexion and extension of the legs. The pace is slow. Repeat 10-12 times.
8. I. p.- too. Go to a sitting position, legs straight, hands on your knees - exhale. Deep breath in and out, return to and. P., relaxation, free breathing 4–5 s. Repeat 3-5 times. Perform with hands.
9. I. p.- lying down. Diaphragmatic breathing 10–15 s.
10. I. p.- too. Legs apart - inhale; and. P.- exhale. 6–7 times. Perform slowly.
11. I. p.- the same with support on the forearm. Exercise "bike" 4 cycles, relaxation 3-4 s. Perform in a large amplitude 3-4 times. Relaxation 10–12 s.
12. I. p.- too. Exercise "bike" in the opposite direction. In this case, the right leg works on straightening in the knee joint and extension in the ankle joint, and the left leg - vice versa. As you move, the flexion and extensor functions of the legs change. 4-6 movements in each direction.
13. I. p.- lying on the right side. Abduction of the left arm and leg - inhale; and. P.- exhale. Repeat 4-5 times. Do not bend your arm or leg.
14. I. p.- lying on the left side. Similar to the previous exercise. Repeat 4-5 times. Do not bend your arm or leg.
15. I. p.- lying on his stomach, hands clenched into fists, at shoulder level. Raising (slightly helping hands) the head and shoulder girdle - inhale. Return to and. P.- exhale. Repeat 4-6 times. The pace is slow.
16. I. p.- too. Alternately raising (inhaling) and lowering the legs, do not bend. 3-4 times for each leg. The pace is average.
17. I. p.- too. Leaning on your hands, bend your legs at the knee joint, bend - inhale; and. P.- exhale. Repeat 4-5 times. Perform with greater amplitude.
18. I. p.- too. Simultaneous raising of the head, shoulders and legs - inhale. Return to and. P.- exhale. 2-4 times. Fixation for 1–2 s in the bending position.
19. I. p.- Lying on your back. Leg movements "breaststroke" 4-5 times. Raise your legs by 20-30 cm.
20. I. p.- Lying on your back. Bend your knees, meditative walking, with a slight lifting of the feet from the bed, with their alternate flexion and extension. 1 minute.
21. I. p.- too. Meditative diaphragmatic breathing. 20–25 s. Put your hands on your stomach.
22. I. p.- Sitting, lower your legs off the bed. Raising and lowering the heels without lifting the toes from the floor; Raising and lowering the toes without lifting the heels. Repeat 8-12 times.
23. I. p.- too. With the help of hands, bend the legs at the knees, connect the feet with the soles - inhale; return to and. P.- exhale. Repeat 4-5 times.
24. I. p. Same, hands on knees. Spreading your knees with a slight yielding resistance of the legs, put your feet on the outer edge, bend your fingers with tension - inhale; and. P.- exhale. Repeat 4-5 times.
25. I. p.- too. Straighten your legs - inhale; and. P.- exhale. 4-5 times.
26. I. p.- too. Meditative walking. 1 minute.
27. I. p.- Lying on your back. Hands to the sides - inhale; and. P.- exhale. Perform at a slow pace. 10-14 times.
28. I. p.- too. Bend the right leg and left arm at the same time - inhale; fix this position with a breath hold; and. P.- exhale. The same with the left foot and right hand. Repeat 3-4 times.
29. I. p.- too. In a state of meditation, bend your legs, relax them, return to and. P. Run - 10-15 s.
30. I. p.- too. Meditative diaphragmatic breathing 1 min.
Innovative exercise therapy complex for burns of the lower extremities (recovery period)
I. p. - about. With. Breathing is free.
1. Meditative walking with the simultaneous raising of hands to a horizontal level. 2–3 min.
2. Rise on toes, arms through the sides up - inhale; and. P.- exhale. 6–9 times.
3. Turn right, right hand to the side - inhale, and. P.- exhale. The same on the other side. 6–8 times.
4. Forward bend (forced breath), and. P.- exhale. 5-7 times.
5. Tilt with a turn to the right, left hand above the head - inhale; and. P.- exhale. The same on the other side. 4-6 times in each direction.
6. Leg back, arms to the sides, bend over - inhale; and. P.- exhale. 5-8 times.
7. At the gymnastic wall, grip the rail at head level. Sit down - inhale; and. P.- exhale. 3-5 times.
8. Counter (opposite legs and arms) swings in the frontal plane with backward bending. Just 6-8 times.
9. Climbing on the gymnastic wall with successive similar (for example, left arm and left leg) and opposite movement of arms and legs: 3–4 ascents and descents by 3–4 steps.
10. Climbing on the gymnastic wall with sequential (for example, left arm and right leg) movement with fixation (1–2 s) of the “step” position on each step: 2–4 ascents and descents by 3–4 steps.
11. I. p.- standing, feet shoulder-width apart, throwing the ball. From hand to hand with squats 3-4 times. Breathing is free.
12. I. p.- the same, throwing the ball (0.5 kg) up and catching 8-10 times. Who will throw higher and catch more times.
13. Walking on toes, on heels, on the outside and inside feet. 1 minute.
14. Meditative walking. 30 s.
15. Stepping over objects, rope at different heights and widths. 1 minute.
16. Light jumps on socks. 10-15 times.
17. Easy running. 1–1.5 min.
18. Meditative walking. 3–4 min.
Innovative exercise therapy complex for burns of the face, neck and torso (recovery period)
The selection of exercises is carried out according to the patient's condition.
I. p. - lying on your back. Breathing is free.
1. Bending the arms in the elbow joints and squeezing the fingers 6-8 times.
2. Turning the head to the right and left, tilting forward, to the right and left shoulder. 8-12 times.
3. Raising the chest with support on the elbows and legs - exhale; and. P.- breath. 4-6 times.
4. Incomplete turn on the side with the palms touching each other - exhale; fixing the position (1-2 s) - inhale; and. P.- exhale-inhale. 3-4 times in each direction.
5. Raising, lowering the head 4-8 times. Free breathing. 10–15 s.
6. Raising the pelvis with support on the forearms. 4-6 times.
7. Adduction (hands behind the knee) alternately legs to the stomach (chest) with fixation of the thigh and rotation in different directions of the feet (up to 6 times for each foot).
8. Alternately bringing the legs to the stomach (chest) with rotation (with the help of the hands) in the hip joints (up to 6 times for each leg).
9. Turns on the side. 3-4 times in each direction.
10. I. p.- Lying on your side. Abduction of the arm bent at the elbow to the side - inhale; and. P.- exhale. 4-6 times.
11. I. p.- sitting with a gymnastic stick. Hands up - inhale; and. P.- exhale. 4-6 times.
12. I. p.- too. Turning the torso to the side - inhale (hold the breath for 1-2 s); and. P.
13. I. p. – about. With., hands on the belt. Tilt to the side, arms up - forced breath; and. P.- exhale. 4-6 times in each direction.
14. I. p.- too. Circular movements of the head with maximum amplitude. 4-6 times in each direction.
15. I. p.- too. Hands up to the sides, tilt your head back - inhale; breath holding (2–3 s); and. P.- exhale. 4-5 times.
16. I. p.- standing at the chair on the left side. Walking in place with high knees. 30 s.
17. Squat - exhale; and. P.- breath. 3-4 times.
18. Meditative walking in place. 2–3 min.
19. I. p.- Sitting in front of a mirror. Open and close your mouth 10-12 times; smooth minimal movements of the lower jaw in both directions (5-6 times); wrinkling the forehead, bringing the eyebrows together (10-12 times); puffing out the cheeks (8-10 times), pulling the lips forward (10-12 times), pursing the lips (10 times).
20. Accentuated pronunciation of different letters, syllables, words (2-3 minutes).
21. Meditative breathing 30 s.
The scheme of physiotherapy exercises for burns of the body during the recovery period (for independent work of students) Introductory part (4–5 min)
Tasks: create a positive emotional background, activate attention, prepare for the exercises of the main part. Building, walking, attention exercises, breathing exercises, game exercises. Game exercises should not tire, but only create a positive emotional background for children.
Main part (20–25 min)
Tasks: have a general tonic effect. Strengthen the child's body. Restore adaptation to stress. Restore motor function, especially in the area affected by the burn. Restore respiratory function. Contribute to the formation of compensations for irreversible functions.
General developmental exercises for various muscle groups in various starting positions. Relaxation exercises, especially in the area of transplanted skin patches and healed burn wounds. Exercises that increase the range of motion in the joints, various tilts and turns of the body. Exercises to strengthen the respiratory muscles. Various objects and shells are widely used, as well as toys (skittles, balls, hoops), outdoor games and elements of sports games are used. Exercises to restore everyday skills. All exercises should be combined with breathing exercises. The pace of execution is up to fast, but careful monitoring of the child's condition is necessary. When tired, give active rest, monitor posture.
Final part (5–6 min)
Tasks: reducing the load, a gradual transition to normal activities.
Slow walking, relaxation exercises, attention, calm breathing. Make sure that the tasks of the final part are solved, if necessary, extend it.
Section 15
Meditative Techniques
Meditation in Latin means contemplation. Meditation is based on deep concentration, which involves the active work of consciousness, subconsciousness and requires some effort. There is a switch of consciousness from logical to intuitive, creative. A kind of fusion of the object of meditation, its subject and the process itself is created. It is usually accompanied by bodily relaxation, lack of emotional manifestations, detachment from external objects. The use of meditation techniques can be found in every ancient culture.
For meditation, a person is involved in the process entirely, with his whole being, as a result of which real changes occur in the body, which can be temporary or permanent at all levels of consciousness, subconsciousness and the unconscious. Meditation can be static, dynamic and situational. The process of meditation can be broken down into five steps.
1. Concentration of attention on movement, object, sound, idea, organ. The goal is to force yourself to focus on one thing.
2. deep focus - involves the active work of consciousness, subconsciousness and requires some effort.
3. Contemplation - concentration goes into autonomous mode and efforts are superfluous here. There is a switch of consciousness from logical thinking to intuitive, creative, i.e., there is a transition of thinking from the left hemisphere type to the right hemisphere type, and even, moreover, they are combined, due to the fact that the figurative-syncretic type of mental activity has a higher adaptive ability.
4. unity – there is a merging of the object, the subject of meditation and the process itself. There comes an amazing feeling of unity, destruction of one's own "I", merging with the Absolute. The outer world becomes equal to the inner world.
5. Enlightenment can be characterized by the words: "knowledge that is higher than understanding." A person understands and receives a completely new knowledge (sometimes it can be called a revelation).
The scheme, as a first approximation, is very simple: emotions - muscles - action. If at least one link falls out, then violations begin. A person who lives under the yoke of unrelenting inner anxiety, within the framework of society, is forced to constantly restrain himself or be able to truly control himself. Stress is exhausting emotionally, mentally, physically.
Music and meditation
A lot is known about music, its influence on psychosomatics, mood, state. This is a set of vibrations arranged in a certain order, which means that if it harmonizes you, then it is “its own”, if not, then you can either try to adjust to it or not listen. In addition, a certain scale can be useful in various diseases.
Music is included in the training of athletes, especially if certain exercises are monotonous, monotonous. In addition, the rhythm of music affects the heart rate, and therefore the entire cardiovascular system as a whole. It is desirable that the music was without textual accompaniment, since the text additionally loads the attention with a semantic load. The psychoemotional and psychophysical significance of music in muscular activity is well known, but the selection must be sufficiently individual.
Separate elements of music cause adequate to the nature of the stimulus mental states and physiological responses. Conventionally, the use of music can be divided into several areas.
1. Methods aimed at "reacting" to a melody, including emotionally activating ones.
2. Training methods.
3. Relaxing methods.
4. Communicative methods, including listening to music together.
5. The so-called creative approach, including the mechanisms of self-expression (dance, improvisation, vocals, etc.).
6. Methods to increase the possibility of perception and expand its boundaries.
7. Psychophysical method that raises the level of ethics and aesthetic perception of the world.
Music with a pronounced rhythm, melody, quiet, on the verge of audible, corresponds to the removal of foci of tension from the cerebral cortex and the implementation of techniques in the right rhythm.
Meditation while walking
This type of meditation aims primarily at insight. With it, one can also develop considerable calmness. It is especially suitable for individuals of an energetic and active nature, but may be a good remedy and for those who are prone to drowsiness, depression.
When walking in a state of meditation is done in the forest or countryside, there is no problem with solitude. It is necessary to find a quiet place and adapt it to practice. Usually the walking path is sprinkled with fine sand, then you can practice walking barefoot. In other cases, any even material is suitable. The path should not only be flat, but also straight. A useful addition to many meditation walking platforms is a brick or stone seat (at one end of the platform) where the meditator can sit cross-legged during the recovery period. In fact, walking at normal speed is preferable to some of the other methods that teach ultra-slow motion.
Mistakes and shortcomings most often encountered in the practice of meditation:
Inertia of thinking (intolerance to someone else's opinion, judgment or experience, including mystical);
Expectation of immediate enlightenment, change or the emergence of paranormal abilities;
Inconsistency in the application of techniques, "grasping" from various systems, often not joined together;
Separation from society, from obligations to the family, relatives, team;
Excessive effort to get a result;
The personality of the instructor, teacher, who announces the extraordinary own abilities of those involved; does not get along well with people, associates the enlightenment of students only with his concept and methodology;
Deception of the senses, departure into the illusory world, which may be accompanied by thinning, and even rupture of the veil.
Meditative walking technique. The duration of walking depends on the time that is available to the student, as well as on the amount of load performed in the lesson. It is performed with the introduction of oneself in conditions that are most conducive to psychophysical relaxation. In fact, walking at normal speed is preferable to other options. Brisk walking may seem effective when the task is more high level energy supply of the body. Before starting classes, you need to focus on the tasks of meditation. While walking, the gaze should be on the ground or on the floor, not to allow it to “wander” around. At the end of the walk, you need to lower your hands, fold them in front of you, continuing to move until you come to a complete stop.
Meditation technique. It is advisable to perform in small groups, no more than 15-20 people and under the guidance of an instructor who constantly gives instructions on the correctness of the technique. All exercises performed in combination with running are carried out at a high energy level, which enhances their effect and effectiveness. At the same time, the effect of group monotony contributes to a high meditative concentration. In this regard, the group must be homogeneous in composition. In cases where meditative running is carried out at the beginning of the exercise therapy complex or separately from it, then it must be preceded by a warm-up to activate the cardio-respiratory system, tissues of the musculoskeletal system. Warm-up is best done in a warm room. It is most rational to start with an introductory (tuning) meditation, which synchronizes the participants, adjusting them to each other. Next, a leisurely run with breathing meditation is performed. Gradually, the pace of running can increase to heart rate values equal to 110–116 bpm.
In the process of training sessions, it is possible to increase the duration and intensity of meditative running up to 30 minutes with a pulse mode within 120 + 10 bpm.
Meditative breathing technique. Assumes calm deep breathing with eyes closed, imagining oneself in various comfortable conditions, natural landscapes or periods of the most favorable moments of life.
Section 16
Independent work of students in the discipline "exercise therapy and massage"
Therapeutic physical culture and massage have firmly become one of the main means of complex medical and social rehabilitation of all population groups. Physical exercises are used in almost all types of diseases as a powerful preventive and therapeutic agent aimed at restoring human health and performance. The discipline of subject training "Exercise therapy and massage" is closely connected with the medical-biological, theoretical and psychological-pedagogical cycles of physical education. Independent work of students in the course "exercise therapy and massage" increases the general theoretical outlook of students of the faculties of physical culture, their pedagogical skill, prepares for the use of the acquired knowledge in the system of sports, fitness and rehabilitation activities.
The use of exercise therapy is especially important for students of modern educational institutions of various profiles, who, according to official statistics, have various deviations in the level of health with a tendency to increase in dynamics. The availability of exercise therapy and massage facilities, the possibility of dosing the load in accordance with the individual capabilities of the body make it possible to widely use them to correct the health of schoolchildren assigned to the preparatory or special medical group, for weakened, often and long-term ill children, teachers, parents and other interested persons in the process. classes physical education and outside of it.
Similar information.
Often, after serious burns, a scar appears at the site of the wound, which can grow and thicken within a few weeks. Many want to get rid of such a "decoration", because. the scar often has a bright red or bluish color, in addition, pain, itching and burning can be felt in this place.
Doctors distinguish 4 types of post-burn scars:
Scarring usually occurs two months after the healing of the burn, and in people of mature age they appear more often than in the elderly and children. You should pay attention to the condition of the skin at the site of the burn, in case of pain with pressure, itching and pulsation, changes in the color of the scar, it is better to consult a doctor. It should be noted that the less time has passed since the appearance of the scar, the easier and faster it can be treated.
Medicines are effective only at the time of the scar, after a few months they are unlikely to help.
Ointments should be started to be used immediately after the complete healing of the burn site, the crusts on the wound cannot be removed. To accelerate healing, lubricate the sore spot with Panthenol or Dexpanthenol.
Alternative methods in the treatment of scars are often as effective as drugs, only you need to understand that it may take several months to heal.
You can prepare and use the following compositions:
There is no need to hope that ointments alone can cure a scar, more often they are used in combination with more radical methods, especially in the case of old or too large scars.
If the doctor suggests surgical removal of the scar, then you need to listen to him, most often this is the best way getting rid of a big ugly scar. After the operation, there will be only a small scar in its place, which after treatment with ointments will become almost invisible.
You can also get rid of scars with the help of hardware cosmetology methods, which, when used correctly, give the desired result. These include laser resurfacing, microdermabrasion, chemical peels, cryotherapy.
Laser resurfacing, in fact, is a deep peeling, during the procedure the surface layer of the skin and part of the dermis are removed. Depending on the size of the scar, the procedure is repeated several times, most often it is performed under local anesthesia. After grinding, slight redness and swelling of the skin is possible, which quickly disappears. The cosmetologist will prescribe remedies for the treatment of the scar in between procedures. Small scars disappear without a trace after this procedure, but old and large ones can only decrease in size.
Chemical peeling is performed using phenol, glycolic or retinoic acids. Under their influence, the upper tissues of the scar are exfoliated and removed. For the final disposal of the scar, several procedures are necessary.
A type of peeling is microdermabrasion. In this case, grinding is carried out with aluminum oxide powder.
This method is very effective in the treatment of young scars, which are affected by liquid nitrogen. The disadvantage of the method is that it is a rather painful procedure.
You need to know that keloid scars are prone to recurrence, which can provoke exposure to the sun, in the solarium or in the sauna. Therefore, it is better to avoid such procedures for at least a year after treatment.
Burns are insidious injuries, because after they are healed, scars remain on the body. Modern ointment for burn scars helps in the treatment of scars even before they form. In addition to ointments, others can help treat scars. pharmaceutical products- gels, foams, silicone plate. Folk methods and surgical treatment (in case the scar is old) are also popular.
You can get a burn not only from fire or boiling water, but also from high concentration chemicals. If this type of injury is not properly treated, it can lead to serious consequences (for example, infection of the wound at the site of the burn or accumulation of pus). An unpleasant consequence after severe burns are scars on the body. At the same time, it is possible to get rid of scars after burns. The desired effect can be achieved with the help of currently existing methods and tools that can help in this long process.
The formed scars are not a pleasant sight. Their healing is accompanied by constant painful sensations. And it is the scars after burns that are difficult to remove completely (compared to other types of scars). A crust forms along the edges of the scar, and its premature removal can provoke an even greater localization of the scar on the skin. Therefore, the treatment of post-burn scars should be carried out after a preliminary consultation with a doctor (surgeon or dermatologist), who will select the appropriate remedy.
All drugs that are used to treat such types of injuries as burns and scars that form after wound healing are divided into the following groups:
Antibacterial agents. This group includes antibiotics and antiseptics:
Preparations that accelerate healing (Panthenol, Solcoseryl, sea buckthorn oil).
Composite compositions (Levomekol, Olazol).
In different methods of treatment, several of these drugs can be used, which are combined. Most often you can find a combination of antiseptics with painkillers and healing-accelerating drugs.
Before you start removing the scar, you should wait until it is completely healed. Treatment of scars after burns involves several methods that can be classified into the following categories:
The first two methods can be effective if the scar after the burn is still fresh. In the case of an old scar, surgical methods can help.
For successful treatment of a burn, one should know the biological stages of wound healing. There are three main phases in this process:
At different stages of healing are used different ways treatment. Initially, antibacterial and antiseptic preparations are used, then agents are used that help in scarring. After the formation of the scar, you can begin to treat it.
Scars appear as a result of normal wound healing, their structure is tissues that lack the natural collagen structure. For successful therapy, different conditions are taken into account - the depth and size of the wound, the gender of the person, his age category, heredity.
The main motives for getting rid of scars are:
For effective disposal the types of scars should be taken into account, they are: keloid, hypertrophic, atrophic, normotrophic.
This is a long process that requires a careful approach. Pharmacy methods help in eliminating scars even before their final formation.
Ointment Contractubex. The substances contained in its composition help not only to treat scars, but also take an active part in wound healing:
The use of the ointment is simple - it is enough to smear the injured areas of the skin. It belongs to the combined types of funds, it is used for shallow types of scars.
Kelofibrase ointment. It contains urea, camphor and heparin in its composition, which improves blood circulation, softens scar tissue, has an analgesic effect, accelerates the process of skin regeneration and scar resorption.
Suitable for the treatment of old scars. Long-term regular use can lead to the complete disappearance of the scar. Can be used to treat stretch marks.
Spenko silicone plates are an overlay for a scar that helps to eliminate scar formations.
Zeraderm ultra ointment has an anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, photoprotective and regenerating effect. For treatment with this ointment, it is necessary to wait for complete scarring of the tissue.
Ointment Fermenkol - helps in the treatment of scars, relieves itching. It is introduced into the scar using ultrasound or electrophoresis.
Ointment Kelo-kot - contains two types of silicone in its composition, they are the most effective in the treatment of scars and stretch marks for external use.
Ointment Scargard. Contains:
Ointment Strataderm (analogues - Karboderm, Dermalex). The main component of the ointment is silicone compounds, which are successfully used to heal scars, protect the skin from infection, and help restore collagen.
Using folk methods for the treatment of post-burn scars, you can achieve a good result. As homeopathic ointments, ointments made by hand are used:
Bodyagi-based ointment. Helps improve blood circulation, accelerates regeneration and metabolic processes in the tissue structure. It is used in the treatment of shallow scars.
Ointment based on melon seeds and eggshells. Seeds and shells are crushed, any oil is added. The ointment is used as a compress by applying a bandage with ointment to the affected area of the skin.
As we see folk remedies can be successfully used in the treatment of scars when used correctly.
In addition to the treatment of scars, there are methods for their disguise. Foundation or a special pencil perfectly hides the defect, but is not suitable in the summer. Self-tanning is often used. The method of tattooing a scar is not welcomed by doctors, since it can cause even more skin injury and infection.
Post-burn scars can cause concern to their owner, if it is visible, the person is embarrassed, complexed. When treating scars with ointments, you need to tune in to a long process if you want to achieve the desired effect.
You must strictly follow the instructions, use regularly and complete the full course.
When choosing means for the treatment of this type of scars, it is necessary to proceed from the fact that such formations differ in shape, in appearance, in addition, the features and types of skin for each person are individual. Only by following the right treatment, in the end you will get beautiful and healthy skin.
A “sunken” scar can be smoothed out if the right treatment is applied correctly and on time.
There is no such person who would not have scars on his body at all. Wounds, burns, cuts and operations - all this leads to the appearance of scars on our body. And if a large uneven scar is in a prominent place, then our appearance can be significantly affected. Fortunately, scars can be quite successfully dealt with.
A scar is a piece of connective tissue that has formed at the site of injury. Depending on appearance scar and features of its structure, there are 4 types of scars:
Let's talk about atrophic scars. Why do they form and what do they look like?
An atrophic scar is a rather thin scar, which is located below the level of the surrounding skin, it is, as it were, concave inside the body. The appearance of this type of scarring is due to an insufficient amount of connective tissue. It's all about the deficiency of special proteins: elastin and collagen, which are necessary for the formation of a full-fledged scar.
Atrophic scars often appear paler than the surrounding skin, but may also be pigmented. The skin in the area of the atrophic scar is usually flabby and has a transverse striation.
Atrophic changes in the skin can occur at the sites of skin lesions that occur due to:
Stretch marks or striae that occur during pregnancy and a sharp increase in weight can also be attributed to a variety of atrophic scars, but their formation is not associated with wounds. Stretch marks are formed due to ruptures of collagen fibers in the thickness of the skin. At the site of such gaps, connective tissue is formed.
Scar formed over a fairly long time. After tissue damage, the mechanism of its restoration is launched. First, the wound site becomes inflamed, edema forms. Then special cells - fibroblasts - are pulled to this place, which begin to actively produce collagen. A young scar is formed. With an uncomplicated course of the process, this scar eventually turns into a normal one. But if the body's reaction to injury is reduced, or the damage is located in an unfavorable place, an insufficient amount of collagen is formed. The result is an atrophic scar.
All scars should be treated as early as possible. A “ripened” scar, the structure of which is already fully formed, is much more difficult to treat. Although the appearance of an old scar can also be corrected.
An atrophic scar can be smoothed out and made inconspicuous. For this, there are various methods of treatment:
To the means that effectively affect atrophic scar, include Contractubex gel. But only a qualified doctor who has assessed the condition of your scar at an in-person consultation can prescribe a treatment that will lead to the desired result. With improper treatment, any drug can be harmful, which is why the treatment regimen should be prescribed by a doctor.
Keloid scars: how to deal with them
An ugly and uncomfortable keloid scar can be made inconspicuous!
Remember, the treatment of atrophic scars is not a quick matter and can take from several months to a year. This is due to the fact that the recovery processes in the skin occur rather slowly. Contractubex, produced on the basis of high quality natural ingredients, can be used for a long time without harm to health. The gel is able to restore pigment metabolism, which is very important for the scar to be invisible. The components of Contractubex not only give softness and elasticity to the scar, but also help maintain blood circulation and retain moisture in it, stimulate the regeneration of healthy skin cells.
Scar tissue does not completely disappear. But that's no reason to do nothing. Fight with it cosmetic defect is quite real.
“You need to know: scars and scars are not completely removed. The condition of scars and scars can be made as inconspicuous and not conspicuous as possible, smoothed out up to 70-90%, but it is impossible to remove them completely and return the skin condition that was before the tissue was torn”,- He speaks esthetician Barkova Tatyana Viktorovna.
But to make an inconspicuous scar out of a rough, conspicuous scar is already quite a lot! No need to put up with the presence of an ugly atrophic scar in a conspicuous place. With the help of modern methods of treatment, it is possible to significantly improve the appearance of the scar and make it less noticeable.
Burn cicatricial changes in the skin are most significant after a 3rd degree burn. They are the reaction of the body in the form of replacement of normal skin structures by connective (scar) tissue in response to deep damage and destruction of its structure. When deciding how to remove a burn scar, one has to take into account their huge variety. It is due to:
Of the exposed parts of the body, the face is often damaged. Aesthetic and functional consequences after a facial burn are of great importance, since the upper and / or lower lip, cheeks, auricles, chin, submandibular zone may be involved in the process. In this regard, the choice of the most adequate and, if possible, the most effective way correction in order to improve the appearance is especially important.
How to treat post-burn scars, and what methods can be used to get rid of them?
There are surgical methods, products for external use (gels, creams, ointments), injection and hardware techniques.
With extensive burns of the 3rd degree, the main task is to restore lost functions while eliminating (as far as possible) the negative aesthetic consequences of burns. Often, it is quite difficult or even impossible to achieve the desired results with conservative methods, especially with gross scars that lead to functional impairment. In these cases, the help of dermatosurgeons, plastic surgeons and cosmetologists is necessary.
The main objective of surgical treatment is to remove scars from burns that are not amenable or obviously not subject to correction by conservative methods, as well as those that violate the functions of certain organs (eyelid eversion, narrowing of the entrance to the oral cavity, limitation of the range of motion of the limbs, etc.).
In such cases, the types of correction depend on the severity of the lesion. This can be a simple excision of the scar, its excision with the mobilization of the surrounding healthy tissue, transplantation of skin flaps, as well as the use of various methods of modern plastic microsurgery.
After the elimination of gross defects, aesthetic correction is carried out by dermatologists and cosmetologists who are proficient in surgical methods for correcting skin relief:
The widespread use of plastic surgery methods is impossible, since they are limited by strict indications, contraindications and possible complications. In addition, many of them are quite expensive.
Laser ablation of burn scars
Laser resurfacing of a scar from a burn
Dosage forms for external use, such as ointment, cream, gel for burn scars and other types of damage, are very popular. They are readily available and sold in pharmacies without a prescription. The active substance can also be injected into the required area through procedures and ultraphonophoresis carried out in physiotherapy rooms. For this purpose, you can also purchase relatively inexpensive compact devices for use at home.
According to their composition, preparations for external use are different and may contain enzymes and surfactants, hormonal components, vitamins and minerals, vegetable essential oils etc.
They are applied to wounds already covered with an epithelial layer and are used mainly as prophylactic agents against scarring after burns, as well as during the formation of the latter, sometimes with already existing hypertrophic scars that are limited in area and size and in addition to surgical treatment. . These drugs improve blood circulation, normal collagen synthesis, eliminate itching, prevent redness and infection, soften the still tender scar tissue and eliminate the feeling of "tightness" of the skin in the affected area.
It is used for resorption of scars after burns, which are mainly in the early stages of formation. The components of the latter are heparin, allantoin and Serae onion extract.
Heparin, in addition to anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic effects, has the ability to moderately suppress the growth of connective tissue and contributes to its saturation with water molecules, due to which softening of cicatricial changes occurs.
Allantoin has a keratolytic effect, as a result of which the stratum corneum exfoliates faster, blood circulation improves, tissue permeability for the active components of the ointment and for water increases, and the ability of tissues to retain water improves. Onion extract, having anti-inflammatory and fibrinolytic effects, inhibits the growth of fibroblasts, connective tissue cells involved in the formation of a hard scar.
Kelofibraza cream has a similar effect, the active substances of which are urea, heparin and D-camphor, as well as Mederma gel, which includes the same components as Kontratubex, with the exception of heparin. The gel is intended mainly for the prevention and correction of "fresh" atrophic scars.
Gels and sprays are also produced, the main components of which are silicone dioxide and polysiloxane (organosilicon compound). After being applied to the scar surface, they polymerize, forming a kind of “breathing”, pressing and moving film when the skin is displaced.
It contributes to maintaining water balance, normalizing collagen synthesis, preventing the growth of connective tissue in the area of application, smoothing the scar and penetrating medicinal components into it. In addition, these agents reduce tissue irritation, itching and "tightness".
These drugs include:
These remedies are quite effective in practice, but mainly for the prevention and treatment of "fresh" and "tender" scar tissue.
